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Define Matter
Anything that takes up space & has mass
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What is an element?
Substance that can not be broken down to other substances by chem reactions
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What 4 elements make up about 96% of human body weight?
Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen
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What % of body is composed of Oxygen?
65%
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What % of body is composed of Carbon?
18.5%
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What % of body is composed of Nitrogen?
3.3%
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What % of body is composed of Hydrogen?
9.5%
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What 7 elements make up approx 4% of body weight?
Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur, Sodium, Chloride, Magnesium
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What elements are found in the body in trace amts (<0.01%)
- Boron
- Chromium
- Cobalt
- Copper
- Fluorine
- Iodine
- Iron
- Manganese
- Molybdenum
- Selenium
- Silicon
- Tin
- Vanadium
- Zinc
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What is a molecule?
A combination of atoms of the same or different elements
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Define a compound.
Molecule of different elements mixed in different ratios
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An atom is . . . .
The smallest unit of all physical matter.
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What is a proton, where is it located & what is its mass?
Positively charged particle in the nucleus w/ a mass of 1
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What is a neutron, where is it located & what is its mass?
A particle w/ no charge, located in nucleus w/a mass of 1
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What is an electron, where is it located & what is its mass?
Negatively charged particle that surrounds nucleus & has negligible mass
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What is the atomic #?
# that defines the # of protons in an element
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What comprises the atomic mass?
The # of protons & neutrons
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Explain a chemical symbol.
1 or 2 letter shorthand for the name of the element
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What are isotopes?
Atom w/ same # of protons as original but diff # of neutrons
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Describe a radioisotope.
Unstable isotope that gives off energy in form of radiation.
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What is an orbital?
Series or electron shells or energy levels around the nucleus.
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What is the outermost electron shell called & what does it determine?
- Valence Shell
- Determines how the atom will react with other atoms
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Explain the octet rule.
States that atoms w/ >3 electrons want to have 8 in their Valence Shell
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A stable atom has ___ e‾ in its valence. These naturally occur in ___ ___.
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An unstable atom has ____ e⁻ in its valence & wants to bond to form ____.
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What 3 ways can atoms satisfy the octet rule?
- Gain e⁻ fr other atoms
- Lose e⁻ to other atoms
- Share e⁻ w/other atoms
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Describe a non-polar covalent bond.
Shares e⁻ equally between atoms
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Describe a polar covalent bond.
Shares e⁻ unequally & relies on electronegativity to stay together
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What are 2 characteristics of Ionic Bonds?
- Complete transfer of e⁻
- Rely on electronegativity
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Give 3 characteristics of a covalent bond.
- Strongest of all bonds
- Requires a lot of energy to break
- Very Stable
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Define electronegativity.
Attractive force an atom exerts on e⁻
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What determines electronegativity?
# of p⁺ in an atom & distance of e⁻ fr nucleus
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Describe an ionic bond.
e⁻ transferred fr 1 atom to another forming pos or neg ions which are attracted to each other
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Positively charged ions are called ___.
Cations
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Negatively charged ions are called ____.
Anions
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What is a complex or polyatomic ion?
Grp of covalently bonded atoms that carry a charge
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Oxidation is the. . . .
Loss of 1 or more electrons
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Reduction is the . . . .
Gain of 1 or more electrons
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LEO the lion says GER means what?
- Lose Electrons Oxidized
- Gain Electrons Reduced
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Where does a hydrogen bond exist?
Between an electronegative atom & a hydrogen atom bonded to another electronegative atom
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___ ___ ALWAYS involves a hydrogen atom
Hydrogen Bonding
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Hydrogen Bonds are stronger than ___ ___ but weaker than ___ & ___ bonds
- Van der Waals Forces
- Covalent & Ionic
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Give 3 places were hydrogen bonds exist for our purposes.
- Water
- DNA base pairs
- Proteins
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Explain Van der Waals Interactions.
Attractions between molecules that are close together as a result of hot spots of pos or neg charge
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What are chemical reactions?
The making and breaking of chem bonds
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What are reactants?
Raw materials or Ingredients in a chem reaction
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What are products?
Finished product in a chem reaction
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