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bonelike substaces beneath tooth enamel
dentin
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smallest of major salivary glands
sublingual gland
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tooth specialized for grinding
molar
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chamber between tongue and palate
oral cavity
-
projections on tongue surface
papillae
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cone shaped projection of soft palate
uvula
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attaches tooth to jaw
periodontal ligament
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chisel shaped tooth
incisor
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space between the teeth, cheeks and lips
vestibule
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anchors tongue to floor of mouth
lingual frenulum
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portion of tooth projecting beyond gum
crown
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the part of the pahynx superior to the soft palate is called the ______
nasopharynx
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the middle part of the pharynx is called the _______
oropharynx
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in inferior part of the pharynx is called the __________
laryngopharynx
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the main secretion of the esophagus
mucus
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name the four regions of the stomach
-
the gastric cells that secret digestive enzymes
chief
-
name the gasteric cells that secret hydrochloric acid
parietal
-
the most important digestive enzyme in gastric juice
pepsin
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the semifluid paste of food particles and gastric juice
chyme
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name the three portions of the small intestine
-
define the function of the mesentery
suspends the organs
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the valve located between the small and large intestines
ileocecal valve
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mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods into forms that cell membranes can absorb
digestion
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breaks large pieces into smaller ones without altering their chemical composition
mechanical digestion
-
breaks food into simpler chemicals
chemical digestion
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layer of the wall of the alimentary canal that functions to protection, secretion, and absorbtion
mucosa layer
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layer of the wall of the alimentary canal that functions to nurishe surrounding tissues, transports absorbed minerals
submucosa
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layer of the wall of the alimentary canal that functions to movements of the tube and its contents
muscular layer
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layer of the wall of the alimentary canal that functions to protection and lubrication
serosa layer
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rhythmic waves of muscular contraction in the wwalls of certain tubular organs
peristalsis
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important in controlling secretions by the gastrointestional tract
submucosal plexus
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the muscular layer controls gastrointestional motility
myenterix plexus
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thick muscular organ that occupies the floor of the mouth
tongue
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forms the roof of the oral cavity and consists of a hard anteror part and a soft posterior part
palate
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hardest structures in the body, they are not considered part of the skeletal system
teeth
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What are the effects of swollen tonsils?
adenoids enlarge and block the passage between the nasal cavity and pharynx
-
How many teeth are present in the adult mouth?
32
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What is the composition of enamel?
Ninety-six percent of enamel consists of mineral, with water and organic material composing the rest
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salivary gland that secrets a clear watery serous fluid, rich in salivary amylase
parotid glands
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salivary gland that secrets some serous fluid with some mucus; more viscous than parotid secretion
submandibular glands
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salivary gland that secrets the primarily think, stringy mucus
sublingual glands
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Which salivary glands are the largest?
parotid glands
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Which enzyme is present in saliva?
Amylase
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what does Amylase help to digest
splits starch and glycogen molecules into disaccharides
-
mass of food passing through the gastrointestional tract
bolus
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a hole in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes. It is located in the right crus of the diaphragm.
esophageal hiatus
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at the end of the pyloric canal, the circular layer of fibers in its muscular wall thickens, forming a powerful muscle
pyloric sphincter
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is the pyloric sphincter remained closed what would the effect be?
there would be no gastric emptying
-
substance that gastric glands produce to promote absorbtion of vitamin b12
intrinsic factor
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the slight, taste, smell, or thought of food triggers paprsympathetic relfexes. gastric juice is secreted in response.
cephalic phase
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food in stomach chemically and mechanically stimulates release of gastrin, which, in turn, stimulates secretion of gastric juice
gastric phase
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as food enters the small intestine, it stimulates intestinal cells to release gastrin, which, in turn, promotes the secretion of gastric juice from the stomach wall
intestinal phase
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carbohydrate digesting enzyme that spilts molecules of starch or glycogen into disaccharides
pancreatic amylase
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fat digesting enzyme that breaks triglyceride molecules into fatty aacids and monoglycerides
pancreatic lipase
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protein splitting enzymes, each of these enzymes spilts bonds between particular combinations of amino acids in proteins
(3)
- trypsin
- chymotrypsin
- carboxypeptidase
-
stimulates the pancreas to secrete abundant fluid when acidic chyme enters the duodenum
secretin
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fixed to the inner lining of the hepatic sinusoids, remove most of the bacteria from the blood by phagocytosis
kupffer cells
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yellowish green liquidthat hepatic cells continuously secrete
bile
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formed by the union of the common hepatic and cystic ducts
bile duct
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where does the bile duct empty?
duodenum
-
What is the function of bile salts?
aid digestive enzymes
-
Which substance is found in most gallstones?
Cholesterol
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gastric cells in response to food...increases secretory activiy of gastric glands
gastrin
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cells of the small intestine....increases secretory activiy of gastric glands
intestinal gastrin
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gastric cells....inhibits secretion of acid by parietal cells
somatostatin
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intestional wall cells in response to fat....inhibits secretion of acid by parietal cells
intestinal somatostatin
-
intestinal wall cells....decreases secretory activity of gastric glands and inhibits gastric motility
cholecystokinin
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cells in the deodenal wall...stimulates pancreas to secrete fluid with a high bicarbonate ion concentration
secretin
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wall is lined with villi that greatly increase the surface area and aid in mixing and absorbtion
small intestinal wall
-
firmly, double fold of peritoneal membrane called the ________ ________ drapes like an apron from the stomach over the transverse colon and folds of the small intestine
greater omentum
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Where are most nutrients absorbed?
small intestine
-
secreted by the small intestine and split peptides into their constituent amino acids
peptidases
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secreted by the small intestine and splits fats into fatty acids and glycerol
intestinal lipase
-
microscopic droplet of fat in the blood that forms following fat digestion
chylomicrons
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What are the parts of the large intestine?
cecum; ascending colon; transverse colon; descending colon; sigmoid colon; rectum
-
found at the end of our small caecum and located near the beginning of the large intestine
appendix
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During a colonoscopy, what is the correct sequence that the fiberoptic tube would encounter?
- sigmoid colon
- descending colon
- transverse colon
- ascending colon
- cecum
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What is absorbed in the large intestine?
Water and lipids
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painful, swollen veins in the lower portion of therectum or anus
hemorrhoids
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