Chapter 16

vast collection of cells and biochemicals that travel in lymphatic vessels and the organs and glands that produce them

lymphatic pathways begin as __________ that merge to form lyphatic vessels

the wall of a lymphatic capillary consists of a single layer of _________ cells

one interstitual fluid is inside a lymph capillary the fluid is called _____

lymphatic vessels have walls similar to those of ______ but thinner

lymphatic vessels contain _____ that help prevent the backflow of lymph

lymphatic vessels usually lead to ______ _____ that lifer the fluid being transported

the lymphatic trunk that drains the abdominal viscera is called the ___________ trunk

the lymphatic trunk that drains the head and neck is called the _____ trunk

which of the two lymphatic ducts is larger and longer?

lymph nodes contain large numbers of what two types of white blood cells that fight invading microorganisms?

the indented region where blood vessels and nerves join a lymph node is called ____

contain germinal centers are the structural units of a lymph node

the spaces within a lymph node through which lymph circulates is called _____

lymph every a node through which type of lymph vessel?

the partially encapsuled lymph nodes in the pharynx are called

the aggregations of lymph nodules found within the mucosal lining of the small intestine are called

the lymph nodes associated with the lymphatic vessels that drain the lower limbs are located in the _____ region

the thymus is located in the __________, anterior to the aortic arch

the thymus reaches its greatest size during infancy and early childhood and rends to decrease in size following ______

as a person ages, the thymus tissue is often replaced by ______ and _________ _________

the lymphocytes of the thymus develop from percursor cells that originated in the ________ ________

the hormones secreted by the thymus are called

which organ is the largest lymphatic organ

blood vessels enter the spleen through the regin called the

the sinuses of the spleen contain ______

the tiny islands of tissue within the spleen that contain many lymphocytes comprise the ______ pulp

the _____ pulp of the spleen contains large numbers of red blood cells, lymphocytes and macrophages

______ within the spleed engulf and destroy foreign particles and cellular debris

microscopic, closed-ended tubes, extend into interstitual spaces, forming complex networks that parallel the networks of the blood capillaries

What structures drain lymph from the lymphatic vessels?

originates in the right thorax at the union of the right jugular, right subclavian and right bronchomediastinal trunks

originates from plasma and includes water and dissolved substances that have passed through the capillary walls

increasing hydrostatic pressure in interstitual spaces forces some tissue fluid into lymphatic capillaries

lymph returns the smaller protein molecules and fluid to the bloodstream

contraction of skeletal muscles and low pressure in the thorax created by breathing movements move _____

any condition that interferes with the flow of lymph results in _____

located along lymphatic pathways

these lymph nodes are follow the lower border of the mandible, anterior to and posterior to the ears, and deep i the neck along the paths of the larger blood vessels

lymph nodes in the underarm region receive lymph from vessels that drain the upper limbs, the wall of the thorax, the mammary glands and the upper wall of the abdomen

these lymph nodes are located superficially on the medial side of the elbow

lymph nodes in the iguinal region receive lymph from the lower limbs, the external genitalia and the lower abdominal wall

here lymph nodes primarily follow the iliac blood vessels

the lymph nodes form chains along the main branches of the mesenteric arteries and the abdominal aorta

these lymph nodes are in the mediastenium and along the trachea and bronchi

What are the major functions of lymph nodes?

disease causing agent

a species is resistant to certain diseases to which other species are susceptible

unbroken skin and mucous membranes prevent the entrance of some infectious agents

enzymes in various body fluids kill pathogens

distinct type of lymphocyte that secrets perforins that lyse virus- infected cells and cancer cells

a tissue response to injury that helps prevent the spread of infectious agents into nearby tissues

neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages engulfs and destroy foreign particles and cells

elevated body temp inhibits microbial growth and increases phagocytic activity

the resistance to specific pathogens or to their toxins or metabolic by-products

molecules that can elicit an immune response

type of white blood cell that interacts directly with antigen bearing cells and particles, and secrets cytokines producing the cellular immune response

lymphocyte that produces and secrets antibodies that bind and destroy nonself molecules

cluster of genes that code for cell proteins

becomes ativated when its antigen receptor combines with displayed foreign antigen....stimulates the B cell to produceantibodies specific for the displayed antigen

recognizes and combines with nonself antigens that cancerous cells or virally infected cells display on their surfaces near certain MHC proteins

provide for future immune protection

circulation antibodies destruction of cells bearing nonself antigen

type of antibody producing cell that forms when activated B cells proliferate

protein that B cells of the immune system produce in response to a nonself antigen; it reacts with the antigen

defends against bacteria, viruses and toxins; plasma and tissue fluid

defends against bacteria and viruses; exocrine gland secretions

reacts with antigens on some red blood cell membranes following mismatched blood transfusions; plasma

B cell activation; surface of most B lymphocytes

promost inflammation and allgergic reactions; exocrine gland secretions

specialized ends of antibodies that bind specific antigens

group of proteins activated when an antibody binds an antigen; enhances reaction against nonself substance

immune systems response to an initial encounter with a nonself antigen

immune systems response to subsequent encounters with a nonself antigen

exposed to live pathogens; stimulation of an immune response with symptoms of a disease

exposure to a vaccine containing weakend or dead pathogens or their components; stimulations of an immune response without the symptoms of a disease

injection of gamma globulin containing antibodies or antitoxin; short term immunity without stimulating an immune response

antibodies passed to fetus from pregnant woman with active immunity or to newborn thru breast milk; short term immunity for newborn without stimulating an immune response

preperation that includes antigens used to stimulate an ummune response to prevent an infectious disease

an immune response to a nonharmful substance and can damage tissues

the antigens that trigger allergic responses are

severe form of immediate reaction allergy in which mast cells release allergy mediators thru apprehension

the recipients cells may recognize the donors tissues as foreign and attempt to destroy the transplanted tissue

the transplanted tissue may also produce molcules that harm the recipients tissue

graft where the donor is an identical twin

type of graft where the donor is yourself

type of graft where the donor is of the same species

type of graft where the donor is from a different species

an antibody produced against itself

What happens to the immune system as we age?