A&P Lecture for Exam

It is the study of the FUNCTION of each structure,individually and in combination with other structures 

In Greek OLOGY - the sudy of ; Physio - natural science

• Describes the STRUCTURE of the body (ie, names, composition,location & assocated structures) 
• Greek Word - ANATOMY - cutting open - it is a plan or map ofthe body

They are atoms that have bonded together.

The number of protons and neutrons in the necleus

The number of electorns in it's outmost shell

The number of protons in the Necleus and Electrons in the Atom

They are atoms that have the atomic number but a diffrent atomic mass becuase the number of neutrons differ

• Atoms, the smallest functional units of matter
• Molecules, active chemicals
• Organelles, specialized structures within a cell
• Cells, the smallest living units
• Tissues, a group of similar cells that work together
• Organs, two or more tissue types working together
• Organ systems, two or more organs working together
• Organism, a single individual, including all of the above

• The study of CELL structure and function 
• Cyt (Cell) Logy (study of)

The Study of Tissue 

Are all cellis in the human body with the exception ofreproductive cells (called Sex or Germ Cells)

• Physical isolation: forms a physical barrier between the inside and outside of the cell. Keeps
• things in or out.

• Regulate exchange with the environment: controls entry of ions and nutrients,
• eliminates waste, releases cellular products.

• Monitor the environment:
• detects changes in composition, concentration or pH of extracellular fluid.
• Contains receptors that respond to chemical signals.

Structural support: keeps cells in place and stabilizes tissues 

• - Lubrication and protection
• - Anchoring and locomotion
• - Specificity in binding (receptors)
• - Recognition (immune response)

The nucleus contains genetic information that is passed down (DNA)

It directs protein synthesis which is what determines thefunction of a cell

-When the DNA starnd is split in 2 the complementary strands of DNA uncoil in the specific area of one gene.  The gene is read by an enzyme called RNA polymerase.

- It is the process of genetic information being pased to RNA.

DNA is read to make a mRNA in the nucleus of our cells

Reading the mRNA to make aprotein in the cytoplasm

Selevtively permeable

• Diffusion is the net movement of material (solute) from an
• area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Diffusion occurs until the concentration gradient is eliminated

Energy is not used during this process.

Osmosis is the flow of water (solvent) across a membrane in response to differences in osmotic pressure.

Movement of water up and down the gradient slope

water flow into the cell and can lead to HEMOLYSIS - which can cause it to rupture

• Hypotonic - HYPO means less thann. less concentraion of the solute t (liquid)  
• This is when the solution causes water to flow OUT of the cell and can lead to crenation (shrinks)

• •Hypertonic solutions have more solute than the inside
• of the cell and lead to lysis (bursting)
• - Water leaves the cell, leading to shrinking (crenation)

•Hypotonic solutions have less solute than the inside of the cell and lead to crenation (shriveling)

•Isotonic solutions have equal amounts of solute inside and outside the cell and thus does not affect the cell

ISO - Same, Tonic -

The Solute is the matter/ substance

The Solvant is the liquid/ water

• How Things Get Into and Out of Cells/ Vesicular Transport
• Movement into the cell is accomplished through , an active process that can take three forms:

One of three ways in which things get into/ out of the cell - this active process is considered Cell drinking

One of three ways in which things get into/ out of the cell - this active process is considered Cell Eating

• Transmembrane potential provides electrical energy to
• muscles, the nervous system and some glands.

• It’s more permeable, this allows more potassium to flow in
• and sodium to flow out - this is turn makes the inside of the cell slightly NEG
• & the outside of the cell slightly POS. 

This unequal charge is called TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL 

Cell Groth (the cell doubles it organelles)

DNA Replicartoin occurs

The protiens needed for division are syntheisized

The Cell is doing what it was designed to do (muscle contract)

** The cell spends most of its time in interpahse)

Nuclear Division

AB + CD would become AC + BD 

Atoms move out of one compound and into another. (One element is replaced by another in a compound.)

• Synthesis reactions are the opposite of decomposition. Small molecules join together to form larger molecules.
• A+B would becolme AB