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- Fibula with Orientalizing Lions
- Era: Early Etruscan, 650-640 BCE
- Location: Regolini-Galasi Tomb, Cerveteri, Italy
- Techniques:
- repousse technique for upper portion
- granulation (bottom part) - fusing of tiny metal balls or granuals to the metal's surface
- so large it is almost a breast plate
- found covering a deceased woman's chest
- gold circles hanging off ends were either earings or bracelets
- used as a display of wealth
- 5 lions in a walking stance, borrowed from Orientalizing style but is not mythological
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- Etruscan Temple Plan
- Era: Early Etruscan
- Techniques:
- walls made of sun-baked bricks - generally very strong
- gable roofed temple
- wooden columns and roof
- double row of columns in front
- only one entrance with steps leading up to it
- based on a high podium
- columns only on front porch
- deep front porch - occupied half the podium
- columns similar to Doric but they are wooden, unfluted, and sit on a base - Tuscan columns
- Tuscan columns provided a lightness to the overall structure
- widely spaced columns
- 3 cellas - one for each major god (Tinia, Uni, and Menrva = Zeus, Hera, and Athena)
- rooptop sculpture along the roof lines
- statuary made of terracotta
- ornate home for the grand statues of the Etruscan gods
- Roman architect, Vitruvius, wrote a treatise on Etruscan architecture
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- Apollo (Apulu)
- Era: Early Etruscan, 510 BCE
- Location: Veii
- Techniques:
- painted terracotta
- very static
- paint emphasized ripling folds of garment
- stylized folds
- less natural, swelling contours
- animated face with slight smile
- eyes not as clear
- on foot forward and the other back, firmly planted on the ground but no shift in body weight
- stylized musculature
- Volcua was the believed artist
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- Matrimonial Sarcophagus
- Era: Early Etruscan, 520 BCE
- Location: Cerveteri, Italy
- Techniques:
- pained terracotta
- cast in 4 sections
- stylized hair
- enigmatic smiles
- eyes not clearly defined
- legs are not as defined - summerily modeled - transition to torso is unnatural
- husband and wife are lying on a banquet couch
- bodies not actually inside - Etruscans believed in cremation - ashes inside sarcophagus
- buried in simple graves with either a stele or a statue
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- Necropolis at Cerveteri (Caere)
- Era: Early Etruscan, 5-4th century BCE
- Location: Cerveteri, Italy
- Techniques:
- family mausoleums
- tombuli are the mounds
- directly decsendent from the tholos
- multi-chambered
- made of tufa - compressed volcanic ash and then covered in dirt and vegeataion
- constructed in an orderly manner - network of streets
- far from the city
- interior is very angular compared to the rounded exterior
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- Tomb of the Reliefs
- Era: Early Etruscan, 3rd centruy BCE
- Location: Cerveteri, Italy
- Techniques:
- painted relief sculpture
- made to look like a home, domestic - for decoration only
- several generations of one family
- brightly painted stucco
- columns and walls covered in relief
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- Revelers
- Era: Early Etruscan, 470 BCE
- Location: Tomb of the Leopards, Tarquinia
- Techniques:
- accurate porfile in motion
- rounded not static figures
- one flat foot and on raised foot creates motion
- dark skin - male, light skin - female
- exaggerated gestures with enlarged hands
- man on couch holds egg symbolizing regeneration
- landscape
- as a generation would die they would add figures
- graceful figures
- figures are dancing or playing a musical instrument
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- Tomb of Hunting and Fishing
- Era: Early Etruscan
- Techniques:
- brightly painted
- not a landscape
- decorative purpose
- action and nature
- hunting birds using a sling shot
- multi-colored rocks similar to Spring Time Fresco
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- Woman of the Velcha Family
- Era: Late Etruscan, 4th century BCE
- Location: Tomb of Orcus, Tarquinia
- Techniques:
- foreshortened eye to make a more natural profile
- hint at a facial expression - lips turned down slightly
- quiet, classicizing formalism
- composed and reflective
- somber theme of suffering and sadness (Romans taking over) - pessimistic look at humanity's fate
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- Canopic Urn
- Era: Late Etruscan, 7th century BCE
- Location: Chiusi
- Techniques:
- made of terracotta
- molded not carved face
- portraits in the likeness of the deceased
- roundedness of the urn emphasizes the vitality of the head
- blunt and aggressive features accentuated by his wide neck
- larger face
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- Mars from Todi (Marvin the Martian)
- Era: Late Etruscan, 4th century BCE
- Techniques:
- made of bronze
- implied sense of movement - contrived
- a shift in the hips from side to side not front to back
- high surface patina
- inlaid eyes
- military attire - fitting in with Roman
- attempting to use Polychightus' proportions but figure has a long wide torso and short legs
- similar to Greek Late Classical because of disproportioned body
- would've had a head piece
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- Capitoline Wolf (She-Wolf)
- Era: Late Etruscan, 500 BCE
- Location: Rome, Italy
- Techniques:
- larger than life hollow cast bronze
- 33.5" tall
- guant ribs and taut powerful legs
- hair on neck is in rising hackles, standing on end
- profound renedering of an animal's temper, deep emotional connection
- supposed to be on a tall poll on a large hill
- represents the founding of Rome 753 BCE on the Palestine Hill
- Romulus and Remus abandonned as infants and raised by wolves
- children added in the Renaissance by Pollaiuolo
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- Chimera of Arezzo
- Era: Late Etruscan, 4th century BCE
- Location: Arezzo, Italy
- Techniques:
- made of bronze
- 2'7.5" tall
- hair around neck standing on end - rising hackles
- stretched skin over ribs
- Greek monster - lions head and body with a snake tail and a goat's head on its left side
- reacting to being attacked
- possibly part of sculpture group menacing gaze upwards at Bellerophon
- inspires sympathy through the eyes
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- Temple of Fortuna Virilis
- Era: Roman Republic, 75 BCE
- Location: Rome, Italy
- Techniques:
- pseudoperipteral temple - columns in back are engaged
- built on a high podium with a wide entrance staircase
- free standing columns in a deep porch
- made of stucco over stone
- Ionic columns with more developed double-layered bases
- Ionic frieze
- fluted columns
- Fortuna - Roman god of the harbor
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- Temple of the "Sibyl" (Vesta)
- Era: Roman Republic, early 1st century
- Location: Tivoli
- Techniques:
- round building on a high podium
- one way in - narrow stairs
- axial alignment
- corinthean marble columns - taller and thinner, each made of one solid block of marble
- round cella made of concrete
- exterior frieze of reathes and garland (symbols of victory) and bull head (inspired by the bucrania of Catal Huyuk)
- round temples dedicated to female dieties
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- Head of a Roman Patrician
- Era: Roman Republic, 75-50 BCE
- Location: Otricoli, Italy
- Techniques:
- made of marble
- 1'2" tall
- veristic portrait - super realism
- makes a statement about the deceased's personality
- virtues of the Roman Republic - serious, experienced, determined, any loyal to family and state
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- Portrait of a Roman General
- Era: Roman Republic, 75-50 BCE
- Location: Sanctuary of Hercules, Tivoli, Italy
- Techniques:
- made of marble
- 6'2" tall
- individualized head on a different Greek body
- covering himself - Roman sense of modesty
- leaning on his breast plate, cuirass - represents his rank in society and the military
- stern face
- might have been a helmet on his head
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- Denarius with a Portrait of Julius Ceasar
- Era: Roman Republic, 44 BCE
- Techniques:
- made of silver
- 3/4" diameter
- receding hairline
- veristic portraiture
- sunken cheeks
- desire of Romans to advertise distinguished family history
- standard Roman silver coin equivalent to a penny
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- Atrium of the House of the Silver Wedding
- Era: Roman Republic, 1st century BCE
- Location: Pompeii
- Techniques:
- shallow pool in entrance hall surrounded by 4 columns
- columns hold up a roof with a hole in the middle of it so that rain water could fill the pool and so that when the water evaporates it acts as a humidifier
- bedrooms border atrium but they had no windows and only enough space for a small concrete bed
- single family homes
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- Samnite House
- Era: 1st Style - Incrustation, 2nd century BCE
- Location: Herculaneum
- Techniques:
- each panel in a different color or texture
- polychrome - multicolored
- dematerializing the wall - adding texture and variety to the walls
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- Villa Boscoreale
- Era: 2nd Style - Archhitectural, 60-20 BCE
- Location: Near Pompeii
- Teachniques:
- attempt at recession into space - lsimilar to one-point perspective of the Renaissance
- opening up walls with vistas of Italian towns, marble temples, and colonnaded courtyards
- painted in columns and piers with shadow
- no landmarks - painted vignettes
- painted floor to ceiling
- replacing wall with imaginary 3D world - as if one is looking out a window
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- Villa of the Mysteries
- Era: 2nd Style - Architectural, 50 BCE
- Location: Pompeii
- Techniques:
- high podium
- painted piers in background denote it as 2nd Style
- large figures - uncharactistic of 2nd style
- scenes cross space (at corners)
- contraposta shift in the figures' natural positions
- recession into space through overlap
- individuals, not types
- Dioysian mystery frieze
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- Ulysses in the Land of Lestrygonians (Odyssey Landscapes)
- Era: 2nd Style - Architectural, late 1st century BCE
- Techniques:
- each scene separated by a red and black painted column
- perspective and recession into space
- - size of objects in foreground are larger that objects in background
- - saturation of color - colors in foreground are darker and colors in background are more muted
- - atmospheric perspective - objects are sharp in the foreground and blurry in the background
- has landscape and figuration
- exterior view with a storyline
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- Garden Scene
- Era: 2nd Style - Architectural, 30 BCE
- Location: House of Livia, Primaporta
- Techniques:
- very detailed, precisely painted - different species of foliage can be determined
- atmospheric pressure
- landscape
- vista illusions of the world
- taken out of architectural setting
- Livia was the wife of Emperor Augustus
- 6'7:" tall
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- Villa at Boscotrecase
- Era: 3rd Style - Ornate, early 1st century CE
- Location: Near Pompeii
- Techniques:
- monochrome panels, mostly red
- delicate form and colors
- floating landscapes
- framed by columnettes with rope hanging between them - maybe even hinting at curtains
- fantasies not realism
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- Room 78 of Domus Aurea
- Era: 4th Style - Intricate, 64-68 CE
- Location: Golden House, Nero, Rome
- Techniques:
- austere creamy white walls
- monochromatic background filled with nature motifs
- framed floating landscapes in the middle
- columns supporting half-pediments
- columnettes and implied drapery
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- Ixion Room House of the Vetii
- Era: 4th Style- Intricate, 1st century CE
- Locaiton: Pompeii
- Techniques:
- garish color combinations
- painted architecture to separate panels
- rope hanging on top to resemble curtains
- no unified cityscape
- no apparent purpose
- large white panels with delicate floral framesand floating landscapes
- larger panels have figuration and are similar to 2nd style
- lower zone is 1st style
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