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"remember" is associated with _____ tasks
episodic
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"know" is associated with ______ tasks
semantic
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the memories we have of our own life.
autobiographical memory
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______ is not associated with any individual particular
neurocognitive system in the way that episodic and semantic memory are.
Autobiographical memory
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______ usually affects only episodic memory and
not semantic memory
Amnesia
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who suffered brain damage in accident? No loss of semantic memory; complete damage to episodic memory.
Patient KC
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learn normally (semantic), but deficits in remembering personal past.
developmental amnesiacs
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Who hypothesized that two separate systems support these different kinds of memories (semantic and episodic)
Tulving
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the neurocognitive memory system that encodes, stores, and retrieves information concerning knowledge of the world
Semantic memory
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neurocognitive memory system that encodes, stores, and retrieves memories of our personal individual experiences.
Episodic memory
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HERA stands for :
(Hemispheric Encoding/Retrieval Asymmetry)
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______ was more involved in the
retrieval of information from semantic memory
left prefrontal cortex
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____is more involved in the retrieval of episodic memory.
Right pre-frontal cortex
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_____ more involved in encoding into episodic memory.
Left pre-frontal lobe
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is the process of how we activated info from long-term memory and access it when we need it.
Retrieval
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Refers to the learning process
encoding
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how we store information when it is not currently in use
representation
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Contends that most natural learning is incidental as opposed to intentional.
Craik and Lockhart's levels of processing
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means that people encode information not by actively trying to remember but rather as by-product of perceiving and understanding the world.
incidental learning
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Means that people actively engage in learning information beccause they know that their memories may be tested.
Intentional learning
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Who gave participants orienting tasks. Some of
these tasks asked participants to attend to shallow aspects of stimuli; others to deep aspects of stimuli.
Craik and Tulving
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Do the words rhyme or not?
Shallow encoding
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figuring out the intentions and emotions of
characters in a Shakespeare play is an example of what type of processing?
Elaborative processing
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maintenance rehearsal leads to what type of processing?
shallow
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Elaborative processing leads to ______ processing
deeper
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are a product of how strongly encoded those items were. What produces more strongly encoded item is
deeper level of processing
memory traces
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one of the best ways to enforce coding for meaning is to have participants evaluate to-be-remembered items in terms of its value to natural survival.
survival processing
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refers to the fact that memory is better when we generate associations ourselves than when we simply read or see them.
generation effect
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the advantage in memory that distinctive items have over less distinctive items.
Von Restorff effect
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refers to all information present in the memory system.
Availability
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refers to that part of our stored memories that we
can retrieve under the present conditions.
Accessibility
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We use information present in our current environment, to trigger our memories of past events.
Retrieval cues
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The participants are asked to to learn under two conditions.
half of each learning condition are tested under the same conditions, the other half are tested under opposite conditions.
Testing
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Retrieval of information from memory will be maximized when the conditions at retrieval match the conditions at encoding.
Encoding specificity
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memory for unique events from our personal past.
Episodic
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given specific instructions to forget. Induces inhibition of those items.
Directed forgetting
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occurs when you study some of the information in a
set of already-learned information but not all of it.
Part-set cuing
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who developed retrieval of induced intuition?
Michael Anderson and his colleagues
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mechanism that actively interferes with and reduces
the likelihood of recall of particular information.
inhibition
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target items from practiced category that were practiced.
RP+
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target items from practiced category that were unpracticed.
RP-
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target items from the non-practiced condition.
NRP
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means that you are more likely to remember events or information that is positive when you are in a positive mood
and more likely to remember events or information that is negative when you are in a negative mood.
Mood Congruence
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Identical experimentally to encoding specificity, but refers to mood states or drug-induced states and learning.
State-dependent learning
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