chapter 20

slow growth rate, grows by expansion, tumor remains localized , cell is well differentiated

rapid growth rate, infiltration growth, tumor metastasis by bloodstream and lymphatics, cell is poorly differentiated

any benign tumor projecting from surface epithelium

a benign tumor. Root word designates primary tissue of origin

malignant tumor arising from surface, glandular, or parenchymal epithelium (but not endothelium or mesothelium)

malignant tumor of any primary tissue other than surface, glandular and parenchymal epithelium

neoplasm of blood cells

gland (root word)

vessels (type not specified) (root word)

cartilage (root word)

fibrous tissue (root word)

blood vessels (root word)

lymph vessels (root word)

fat (root word)

muscle (root word)

nerve (root word)

bone (root word)

all neoplasms of lymphoid tissue are called lymphomas and are malignant: Hodgkins disease and non-hodgkins disease lymphomas

*pigment producing cells of epidermis:
-benign: nervus, a Latin word that means "birthmark"
-malignant: melanoma or malignant melanoma
*keratinocytes
-benign: basal cell carcinoma
- malignant: squamous cells carcinoma (sometimes metastasizes)

derived from cells that have the potential to differentiate into different types of tissue (bone, muscle, glands, epithelium, brain tissue, hair) and may be either benign or malignant. A common type of cystic benign teratoma arising in the ovary is usually called a dream cyst

derived from persisting groups of embryonic cells of the brain, retina, adrenal gland, kidney, liver, or genital tract. Named from the site of origin, with the suffix "-blastoma" added (blast= a primitive cell + oma = tumor); medulloblastoma: medulla of the brain; retinoblastoma: retina of the eye; hepatoblastoma: liver; Wilm's tumor: kidney, exception in naming (nephroblastoma not used)

noninfiltrating tumors are common in many locations, including the breast, cervix, colon, skin, and urinary tract. in situ carcinoma can be completely cured by surgical excision

refers to conditions that have a high likelihood of developing into cancer:
-skin cancer: actinic keratoses ("actinic" refers to sun rays), lentigo maligna: a latin term meaning "malignant freckle")
-oral cancer: leukoplakis (leuko=white + plakia = patch) may develop in the mucous membranes of the motuh as a result of exposure to tobacco tars from smoking or use of smokeless tobacco
-colon polyps

withdrawal of fluid from a lump, often a cyst

removal of cells or tissues fro examination under a microscope

a procedure in which a thin, lighted tube is inserted into the body part being examined and a tissue sample (biopsy) is taken to examine under a microscope to determine if cancer cells are present

scope inserted through the nose or mouth to examine the colon

scope inserted into the urethra to examine the bladder

examination of the larynx (voice box) with a mirror(indirect laryngoscopy) or with a laryngoscope (direct laryngoscopy)

scope inserted into the sigmoid part of the colon. also called proctosigmoidoscopy

a tumor marker whos purpose is cancer of the prostate, obtained by blood sample or may be used to monitor response to treatment or recurrence

hepatocellular carcinoma germ cell tumors, used to monitor treatment response

cancers of the pancreas, colon, cervix and ovary, a relatively specific tumor-associated antigen

epithelial ovarian cancer, a tumor associated antigen that might be used in conjunction with vaginal ultrasound for screening

cancers of the pancreas, colon, breast, lung, stomach, ovary; high levels correlate with high tumor burden

malignant germ cell tumors originating from ovaries or sperm, ovarian or uterine cancer in women and testicular cancer in men; return to normal indicates cure

multiple myeloma; malignant clone can be IgG, IgM, or IgA

cancer of the prostate; used particularly to monitor response to treatment

xray or computerized view with or without a contrast dye or radioactive substance

cancer of the colon; series of x rays of the colon taken after the person is given an enema that contains barium. barium outlines the intestines on the xrays

cross section images of internal structures; xrays (plus or minus) contrast dye with the creation of pictures by a computer linked to an xray machine, highly specificity, especially brain tumors

cancer of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder; dye is injected into a blood vessel and concentrated in the urine to visualize the kidneys, ureters, and bladder

lymph node involvement, especially Hodgkins disease, lymphoma, cancer of testes; blue dye, injected into lymphatic channel, visualizes abdominal lymph nodes

shows function and size of specific organ (brain, bone, liver, spleen, kidney); used for staging because of specificity; radioactive material is injected or swallowed and radioactivity measured with a scanner

visualizes structural changes, mass (stomach, pancreas, kidney, uterus, ovary); uses high frequency sound waves

obtained from a tissue sample

tumor involvement, esp by leukemia or lymphoma; needle aspirate of marrow from iliac crest or sternum

cancer of the breast; cells taken from the breast tissue, defines certain tumors that may be more responsive to hormonal therapy

cancer of the cervix or uterus; cells obtained by swab of vagina, endocervical canal, and exocervix

tumor metastasis, for example, breast cancer; dye or radioactive substance injected near a tumor flows into the sentinel lymph node(s)--the first lymph node(s), that cancer is likely to spread from the primary tumor

bronchogenic cancer; examination of mucus coughed up from the lungs, used to detect abnormal lung cells

cancer of the colon/rectum; a test to check for blood in stool (fecal refers to stool, occult means hidden)

treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease [also, immunotherapy or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy]

a procedure in which bone marrow is removed from a person, stored and then given back to the person following intensive treatment

an anticancer drug, bacille calmette-Guerin (BCG), that activates the immune system

substances that stimulate the production of blood cells; granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF); granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors (GM-CSF)

replacing blood forming cells destroyed by cancer treatment. immature blood cells (stem cells) are given after treatment to help the bone marrow recover and produce healthy blood cells. sources of stem cells are bone marrow and are allogenic, autologous or syngenic

stem cells donated by someone else

stem cells removed from a person, stored, and then given back to the person following intensive treatment

stem cells donated by an identical twin

treatment with anticancer drugs to destroy cancer cells by stopping them from growing or multiplying

radiotherapy uses high-energy radiation from x rays, neutrons and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors

uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer

given internally by placing radioactive material that is sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters directly into or near the tumor

giving a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body

surgical removal of the bladder

treatment performed with an instrument that freezes and destroys abnormal tissues

destroying tissue using an electric current

surgical removal of the uterus

an operation to remove all or part of the larynx (voice box)

a device that concentrates light into an intense, narrow beam used to cut or destroy tissue. it is used in microsurgery, photodynamic therapy, and for a variety of diagnostic purposes

surgery to remove the tumor and a small amount of normal tissue around it

surgery to remove the breast (or as much of the breast tissue as possible)

surgical procedure in which the breast, some of the lymph nodes in the armpit, and the lining over the chest muscles are removed

surgical removal of one or both testicles

surgical removal of an entire lung

surgical removal of part or all of the prostate

surgical removal of the fallopian tubes and ovaries

treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. also called endocrine therapy

drugs used to block the production or interfere with the action of male sex hormones

a substance that closely resembles luteinizing hormone- releasing hormone (LH-RH), which controls the secretion of sex hormones; given to decrease secretion of sex hormones

cytoreduction; oncologic emergencies; neurosurgical procedures/pain control; nutritional support

excision of premalignant lesions

local excision; en bloc dissection

cosmetic and functional restoration

lung; liver

insertion of access devices such as a porta catheter for infusion of drugs for chemotherapy; radiation implants

cancer that begins in cells that line certain internal organs

benign (noncancerous) condition in which cells have abnormal features and are increased in number

not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body

a term for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control. cancer cells can invade nearby tissues and spread through the bloodstream and lymphatic system to other parts of the body

any substance that causes cancer

cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs

a sac or capsule filled with fluid

abnormal cells that involve only the lining of a duct. the cells have not spread outside the duct to other tissues in the breast

a type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. also called squamous cell carcinoma

an inherited condition in which numerous polyps (tissue masses) develop on the inside walls of the colon and rectum/. it increases the risk of colon cancer

a benign smooth muscle tumor, usually in the uterus or gastrointestinal tract. also called leiomyoma

an abnormal increases in the number of cells in an organ or tissue

a group of lung cancers in which cells are large and look abnormal when viewed under a microscope

abnormal cells found in the lobules of the breast. this condition seldom becomes invasive cancer. however, having lobular carcinoma in situ increases one's risk of developing breast cancer in either breast

cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body

a group of lung cancers that includes squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma

a type of lung cancer in which the cells look like oats when viewed under a microscope. also called small cell lung cancer

a growth that protrudes from a mucous membrane

a cancer of the bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels. or other connective or supportive tissue

a type of lung cancer in which the cells appear small and round when viewed under the microscope. also called oat cell lung cancer

cancer that begins in squamous cells. which are thing, flat cells resembling fish scales. squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. also called epidermoid carcinoma

an abnormal mass of tissue that results from excessive cell division. tumors may be either benign (not cancerous) or malignant (cancerous)