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slow growth rate, grows by expansion, tumor remains localized , cell is well differentiated
benign tumor
-
rapid growth rate, infiltration growth, tumor metastasis by bloodstream and lymphatics, cell is poorly differentiated
malignant
-
any benign tumor projecting from surface epithelium
polyp, papilloma
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a benign tumor. Root word designates primary tissue of origin
root word + oma (suffix
-
malignant tumor arising from surface, glandular, or parenchymal epithelium (but not endothelium or mesothelium)
carcinoma
-
malignant tumor of any primary tissue other than surface, glandular and parenchymal epithelium
sarcoma
-
neoplasm of blood cells
leukemia
-
-
vessels (type not specified) (root word)
angi/o
-
cartilage (root word)
chondr/o
-
fibrous tissue (root word)
fibr/o
-
blood vessels (root word)
hemangi/o
-
lymph vessels (root word)
lymphangi/o
-
-
-
-
-
all neoplasms of lymphoid tissue are called lymphomas and are malignant: Hodgkins disease and non-hodgkins disease lymphomas
lymphoid tumors
-
*pigment producing cells of epidermis:
-benign: nervus, a Latin word that means "birthmark"
-malignant: melanoma or malignant melanoma
*keratinocytes
-benign: basal cell carcinoma
- malignant: squamous cells carcinoma (sometimes metastasizes)
skin tumors
-
derived from cells that have the potential to differentiate into different types of tissue (bone, muscle, glands, epithelium, brain tissue, hair) and may be either benign or malignant. A common type of cystic benign teratoma arising in the ovary is usually called a dream cyst
teratoma tumors (of mixed components)
-
derived from persisting groups of embryonic cells of the brain, retina, adrenal gland, kidney, liver, or genital tract. Named from the site of origin, with the suffix "-blastoma" added (blast= a primitive cell + oma = tumor); medulloblastoma: medulla of the brain; retinoblastoma: retina of the eye; hepatoblastoma: liver; Wilm's tumor: kidney, exception in naming (nephroblastoma not used)
embryonic tumors
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noninfiltrating tumors are common in many locations, including the breast, cervix, colon, skin, and urinary tract. in situ carcinoma can be completely cured by surgical excision
noninfiltrating (in situ) carcinoma
-
refers to conditions that have a high likelihood of developing into cancer:
-skin cancer: actinic keratoses ("actinic" refers to sun rays), lentigo maligna: a latin term meaning "malignant freckle")
-oral cancer: leukoplakis (leuko=white + plakia = patch) may develop in the mucous membranes of the motuh as a result of exposure to tobacco tars from smoking or use of smokeless tobacco
-colon polyps
precancerous conditions
-
withdrawal of fluid from a lump, often a cyst
aspirate
-
removal of cells or tissues fro examination under a microscope
biopsy
-
a procedure in which a thin, lighted tube is inserted into the body part being examined and a tissue sample (biopsy) is taken to examine under a microscope to determine if cancer cells are present
scope
-
scope inserted through the nose or mouth to examine the colon
colonoscopy
-
scope inserted into the urethra to examine the bladder
cystoscopy
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examination of the larynx (voice box) with a mirror(indirect laryngoscopy) or with a laryngoscope (direct laryngoscopy)
laryngoscopy
-
scope inserted into the sigmoid part of the colon. also called proctosigmoidoscopy
sigmoidoscopy
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a tumor marker whos purpose is cancer of the prostate, obtained by blood sample or may be used to monitor response to treatment or recurrence
acid phosphatase
-
hepatocellular carcinoma germ cell tumors, used to monitor treatment response
AFP
-
cancers of the pancreas, colon, cervix and ovary, a relatively specific tumor-associated antigen
CA 19-9
-
epithelial ovarian cancer, a tumor associated antigen that might be used in conjunction with vaginal ultrasound for screening
CA 125
-
cancers of the pancreas, colon, breast, lung, stomach, ovary; high levels correlate with high tumor burden
CEA
-
malignant germ cell tumors originating from ovaries or sperm, ovarian or uterine cancer in women and testicular cancer in men; return to normal indicates cure
HCG/AFP
-
multiple myeloma; malignant clone can be IgG, IgM, or IgA
monoclonal immunoglobulins
-
cancer of the prostate; used particularly to monitor response to treatment
PSA
-
xray or computerized view with or without a contrast dye or radioactive substance
imaging
-
cancer of the colon; series of x rays of the colon taken after the person is given an enema that contains barium. barium outlines the intestines on the xrays
barium enema
-
cross section images of internal structures; xrays (plus or minus) contrast dye with the creation of pictures by a computer linked to an xray machine, highly specificity, especially brain tumors
computed axial tomography (CAT, CT, ACTA)
-
cancer of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder; dye is injected into a blood vessel and concentrated in the urine to visualize the kidneys, ureters, and bladder
intravenous pyelogram or intravenous pyelography (IVP)
-
lymph node involvement, especially Hodgkins disease, lymphoma, cancer of testes; blue dye, injected into lymphatic channel, visualizes abdominal lymph nodes
lymphangiography
-
shows function and size of specific organ (brain, bone, liver, spleen, kidney); used for staging because of specificity; radioactive material is injected or swallowed and radioactivity measured with a scanner
radionuclide scan
-
visualizes structural changes, mass (stomach, pancreas, kidney, uterus, ovary); uses high frequency sound waves
ultrasound
-
obtained from a tissue sample
microscopic examination
-
tumor involvement, esp by leukemia or lymphoma; needle aspirate of marrow from iliac crest or sternum
bone-marrow aspirate
-
cancer of the breast; cells taken from the breast tissue, defines certain tumors that may be more responsive to hormonal therapy
estrogen/progesterone receptors
-
cancer of the cervix or uterus; cells obtained by swab of vagina, endocervical canal, and exocervix
pap smear
-
tumor metastasis, for example, breast cancer; dye or radioactive substance injected near a tumor flows into the sentinel lymph node(s)--the first lymph node(s), that cancer is likely to spread from the primary tumor
sentinel lymph node biopsy
-
bronchogenic cancer; examination of mucus coughed up from the lungs, used to detect abnormal lung cells
sputum cytology
-
cancer of the colon/rectum; a test to check for blood in stool (fecal refers to stool, occult means hidden)
stool guaiac
-
treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease [also, immunotherapy or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy]
biological
-
a procedure in which bone marrow is removed from a person, stored and then given back to the person following intensive treatment
autologous bone marrow transplantation
-
an anticancer drug, bacille calmette-Guerin (BCG), that activates the immune system
BCG vaccine
-
substances that stimulate the production of blood cells; granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF); granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors (GM-CSF)
colony-stimulating factors
-
replacing blood forming cells destroyed by cancer treatment. immature blood cells (stem cells) are given after treatment to help the bone marrow recover and produce healthy blood cells. sources of stem cells are bone marrow and are allogenic, autologous or syngenic
peripheral stem cell transplantation
-
stem cells donated by someone else
allogenic
-
stem cells removed from a person, stored, and then given back to the person following intensive treatment
autologous
-
stem cells donated by an identical twin
syngeneic
-
treatment with anticancer drugs to destroy cancer cells by stopping them from growing or multiplying
chemotherapy
-
radiotherapy uses high-energy radiation from x rays, neutrons and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors
radiation therapy
-
uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer
external
-
given internally by placing radioactive material that is sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters directly into or near the tumor
internal
-
giving a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body
systemic radiation therapy
-
surgical removal of the bladder
cystectomy
-
treatment performed with an instrument that freezes and destroys abnormal tissues
cryosurgery
-
destroying tissue using an electric current
fulguration
-
surgical removal of the uterus
hysterectomy
-
an operation to remove all or part of the larynx (voice box)
laryngectomy
-
a device that concentrates light into an intense, narrow beam used to cut or destroy tissue. it is used in microsurgery, photodynamic therapy, and for a variety of diagnostic purposes
laser
-
surgery to remove the tumor and a small amount of normal tissue around it
lumpectomy
-
surgery to remove the breast (or as much of the breast tissue as possible)
mastectomy
-
surgical procedure in which the breast, some of the lymph nodes in the armpit, and the lining over the chest muscles are removed
modified radical mastectomy
-
surgical removal of one or both testicles
orchiectomy
-
surgical removal of an entire lung
pneumonectomy
-
surgical removal of part or all of the prostate
prostatectomy
-
surgical removal of the fallopian tubes and ovaries
salpingo-oophorectomy
-
treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. also called endocrine therapy
hormone therapy
-
drugs used to block the production or interfere with the action of male sex hormones
antiandrogens
-
a substance that closely resembles luteinizing hormone- releasing hormone (LH-RH), which controls the secretion of sex hormones; given to decrease secretion of sex hormones
luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist
-
cytoreduction; oncologic emergencies; neurosurgical procedures/pain control; nutritional support
palliative
-
excision of premalignant lesions
prophylactic
-
local excision; en bloc dissection
primary/definitive
-
cosmetic and functional restoration
rehabilitative
-
lung; liver
resection of metastases
-
insertion of access devices such as a porta catheter for infusion of drugs for chemotherapy; radiation implants
supportive
-
cancer that begins in cells that line certain internal organs
adenocarcinoma
-
benign (noncancerous) condition in which cells have abnormal features and are increased in number
atypical hyperplasia
-
not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body
benign
-
a term for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control. cancer cells can invade nearby tissues and spread through the bloodstream and lymphatic system to other parts of the body
cancer
-
any substance that causes cancer
carcinogen
-
cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs
carcinoma
-
a sac or capsule filled with fluid
cyst
-
abnormal cells that involve only the lining of a duct. the cells have not spread outside the duct to other tissues in the breast
ductal carcinoma in situ
-
a type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. also called squamous cell carcinoma
epidermoid carcinoma
-
an inherited condition in which numerous polyps (tissue masses) develop on the inside walls of the colon and rectum/. it increases the risk of colon cancer
familial polyposis
-
a benign smooth muscle tumor, usually in the uterus or gastrointestinal tract. also called leiomyoma
fibroid
-
an abnormal increases in the number of cells in an organ or tissue
hyperplasia
-
a group of lung cancers in which cells are large and look abnormal when viewed under a microscope
large cell carcinomas
-
abnormal cells found in the lobules of the breast. this condition seldom becomes invasive cancer. however, having lobular carcinoma in situ increases one's risk of developing breast cancer in either breast
lobular carcinoma in situ
-
cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body
malignant
-
a group of lung cancers that includes squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma
nonsmall cell lung cancer
-
a type of lung cancer in which the cells look like oats when viewed under a microscope. also called small cell lung cancer
oat cell cancer
-
a growth that protrudes from a mucous membrane
polyp
-
a cancer of the bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels. or other connective or supportive tissue
sarcoma
-
a type of lung cancer in which the cells appear small and round when viewed under the microscope. also called oat cell lung cancer
squamous cell carcinoma
-
cancer that begins in squamous cells. which are thing, flat cells resembling fish scales. squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. also called epidermoid carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
-
an abnormal mass of tissue that results from excessive cell division. tumors may be either benign (not cancerous) or malignant (cancerous)
tumor
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