Biochemistry

an organism that synthesize all its cellular components from simple molecules using the energy obtained from sunlight (photoautotroph) or from the oxidation of inorganic compounds (chemolithotroph)

an organism that obtains free energy from the oxidation of organic compounds produced by other organisms 

• The total of all degradative and biosynthetic cellular reactions
• Combination of catabolism and anabolism

a reactant, intermediate, or product of a metabolic reaction

In cells, the enzyme-catalyzed reactions that extract chemical energy from nutrient molecules and use it to synthesize and assemble cell components

The degradative metabolic reactions in which nutrients and cell constituents are broken down for energy and raw materials 

• The reactions by which biomolecules are synthesized from simpler components
• Building of molecules 

cleavage of a bond in which each participating atom acquires one of the electrons that formed the bond

an atom or group of atoms possessing an unpaired electron; also called a free radical

cleavage of a bond in which one of two chemically bonded atoms acquires both of the electrons that formed the bond

a group that contains unshared electron pairs that readily reacts with an electron-deficient group (electrophile). A nucleophile (nucleus-lover) reacts with an electrophile (electron-lover).

a group that contains an unfilled valence electron shell,  or contains an electron-deficient atom. An electrophile (electron-lover) reacts readily with a nucleophile (nucleus-lover)

a negatively charged carbon atom

a positively charged carbon atom; also called a carbonium ion

an enzyme that transfers a phosphoryl group between ATP and another molecule

The actual free-energy change of ATP hydrolysis under the nonstandard conditions prevailing in a cell

an ester of a carboxylic acid with a thiol or mercaptan 

• is a posttranslational modification that can occur to molecules such as tyrosine residues;
• involves a phosphodiester bond between a hydroxyl group of the molecule undergoing adenylylation and the phosphate group of the adenosine monophosphate nucleotide

an enzyme that hydrolyzes a molecule of inorganic pyrophosphate; also known as pyrophosphatase

an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of the terminal phosphate of a nucleoside 5'-triphosphate to a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate 

a phosphotransferase enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of adenine nucleotides, and plays an important role in cellular energy homeostasis

• an enzyme expressed by various tissues and cell types.
• CK catalyses the conversion of creatine and consumes ATP to create PCr and ADP

a phosphoguanidine whose phosphoryl group transfer potential is greater than that of ATP; these compounds can therefore phosphorylate ADP to generate ATP. 

change in reduction potential 

an electron donor and acceptor that form a half-reaction. Also called a redox couple

a chemical reaction that involves the removal of hydrogen from a molecule as (H2)

Enzymes that catalyze the removal of pairs of hydrogen atoms from substrates 

a general term for an electron or an electron equivalent in the form of a hydrogen atom or a hydride ion