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How many cranial bones are there?
There are 8 cranial bones
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How many facial bones are there?
There are 14 facial bones
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What make up the four bones that make the floor of the cranium?
The sphenoid, ethmoid, and the two temporal bones make up the floor of the cranium.
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What are the four sutures?
- - Squamosal
- - Coronal
- - Lamboidal
- - Saggital
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What are the 4 Junction points in the skull?
- The four junction points are:
- - Asterion
- - Bregma
- - Lambda
- - Plerion
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What is the average width of the skull?
75-80% of the skull
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What are the 3 types of skull shape?
- The 3 types of skull shapes are:
- - Brachycephalic - Fatter head ( Width is 80% more than length )
- - Mesocephalic - Regular head ( Width 75-80% of lenght )
- - Dolichocephalic - Thin head ( Width is less than 75% of length )
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What does it mean when yo have a brachycephalic head?
You have a big head. Its size is 80% more than the length of your head.
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What does mesocephalic heads mean?
Regular head with 75-80% of the length of your head.
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Whatdoes it mean when you have a dolichocephalic head?
You have a thin head with the width of your head is 75% of the lenght of your head
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Label from bottom and up
- A. Ethmoid
- B. Right temporal
- C. Right Parietal
- D. Frontal
- E. Sphenoid
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Label:
- - Ethmoid
- - Frontal
- - Parietal
- - Occipital
- - Temporal
- - Sphenoid
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Label
- - Mental Point
- - Gonion
- - Acanthion
- - Interpupillary line
- - Nasion
- - Globella
- - MSP
- - Gonion
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Label
- - Tragus
- - Auricle
- - Top of ear Attachment ( TEA )
- - Glabella
- - Nasion
- - Acanthion
- - Mental point
- - Gonion
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Label
- - Intraorbital meatus
- - Midlateral orbital margin
- - Supraorbital margin
- - Outer Canthus
- - Inner Canthus
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Study this:
- - AML - Acanthiomeatal line
- - LML - Lips-meatal line
- - MML - mentomeatal Line
- - GML - Glabellomeatal line
- - OML - Orbitomeatal line
- - IOML - Infraorbitalmeatal line ( Reids base line )
- - GAL - Glabelloalveolar line
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For the Townes method ( AP Axial ) what is the CR angle? Where is the CR?
- CR is 30 degrees caudad to Orbitalmeatal Line ( OML ) or 37 degrees to Inferior Orbitalmeatal Line ( IOML ) if theres no sponge.
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What do you see in an AP axial view ( Townes view ) ?
- - Petrous Ridges are symmetrical on both sides and dorsum salle projected within the foramen magnum.
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For the right lateral skull, How do you position this? Where is the CR?
- For a right lateral, you have to make sure the Midsagittal Plane is parallel to the IR and the IPL Perpendicular to the receptor.
- CR 2 inches superior to EAM.
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What is the difference betwee the Caldwell and the townes?
- - Caldwell is PA, Towne is AP.
- - On an AP , there is also more magnification of the orbits.
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How do you position for a PA craniu,? ( Caldwell )
- - Face down with OML perpendicular to IR with a 15 degree angle CR to the back middle of the skull.
- - You can also do this without the angle.
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What s the difference between the angled PA Cranium and the one without the angle?
- - Petrous ridges are over the supraoribtal margin at 0 degree angles.
- - At the angle the petrous ridges are moved 1/3 lower of the orbits.
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For the SMV projection, how do you position it?
- - Have a petient hyperextend the chin, with the infraorbital meatal line parallel to the IR.
- - CR is 3/4th inches anterior to the level of EAM.
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What do you see in the SMV?
- Mandibular condyles are anterior to the petrous pyramids.
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What makes up the Calvaria ( Skull cap )?
Frontal, Right Parietal, Left Parietal, and Occipital
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Which suture seperates the two parietal bones from the occipital bone?
Lamboidal Suture.
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Which suture seperates the forntal bone from the two parietals?
Coronal suture
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What suture seperates the parietal bone into two?
Saggital Suture
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Which suture seperates the temporal bones from everything else?
Squamosal suture
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Each end of the saggital suture is identified as point or area with a specific name labeled.
Which one is on the anterior end of the siggital suture?
Bregma
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Each end of the saggital suture is identified as point or area with a specific name labeled.
Which one is on the posterior end of the siggital suture?
Lambda
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Each end of the saggital suture is identified as point or area with a specific name labeled.
Which one is on the two points that are located laterally but more on the anterior?
Pterions
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Each end of the saggital suture is identified as point or area with a specific name labeled.
Which one is on the two points that are located laterally but more posterior?
Asterions
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What are fontanels?
Fontanels are incomplete cranial bone of infants where certain regions where suture joines are slow in ossification.
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Which areas are on an infants skull is considered the "soft spot" and does not clsoe until 18 months of age?
- The bregma and lamda are just membrane covered soft spots.
- The spots are also known as the anterior and posterior fontanels in an infant.
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Which soft spot on infants close up shortly after birth?
The two smaller lateral fontanels, ( Sphenoid and Mastoid fontanels )
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What are the 6 fontanels for infants?
- - Anterior fontanel
- - Posterior fontanel
- - Right sphenoid fontanel
- - Left sphenoid fontanel
- - Right mastoid fontanel
- - Left mastoid fontanel
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What are the 6 points of the skull in an adult?
- - Bregma
- - Lambda
- - Right pterion
- - Left pterion
- - Right asterion
- - Left asterion
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What are sutural, or wormian bones?
- Bones that sometimes develop in adult skull sutures that are isolated and most often found in the lambodial suture.
- Ocasionally found in the region of hte fontanels such as the posterior fontanel.
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What are the 5 most common positioning errors?
- - Rotation
- - Tilt
- - Excessive flexion or extension.
- - Incorrect CR angle.
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