-
Define an atom
An atom is the smallest stable unit of matter
-
Atoms of the same elemnet that have different numbers of neutrons are called
isotopes
-
How is it possible for two samples of hydrogen to contain the same number of atoms ,yet have different weights?
Hydrogen has 3 isotopes with different mass numbers. THe heavier sample must contain a higher proportion of one or both of the heavier isotopes
-
Define chemical bond and identify several types of chemical bonds.
- A chemical bond is when two atoms are chemically combined
- Examples: Ionic bonds and covalent bonds
-
Which kind of bond holds atoms in a water molecule together? What attracts water molecules to one another?
- polar covalent bonds
- hydrogen bonds
-
Both oxygen and neon are gases at room temperature. Oxygen combines readily with other elements, but neon does not. Why?
- Oxygen atoms do not have a full outer energy level, so they readily react with many other elements to attain this stable arrangement
- Neon already has a full outer energy level and thus has little tenddency to combine with other elements
-
The chemical shorthand used to describe chemical compounds and reactions effectively is known as
chemical notation
-
Using the rules for chemical notation, write the molecular formula for clucose, a compound composed of 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydgrogen atoms, and 6 oxygen atoms.
6C + 12H + 6O --->>> C6H12O6 GLUCOSE
-
Identify and describe three types of chemical reactions importan to human physiology
- Decomposition Reactions
- Exchange Reactions
- Synthesis Reactions
-
In cells, glueose, a six-carbon molecule, is converted into two three-carbon molecules by a reaction that releases energy. How would you classify this reaction?
- Decomposition Reaction
- exergonic
-
What is an enzyme?
enzymes promote chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy requirements
-
Why are enzymes needed in our cells?
THey make it possible for chemical reactions, such as the breakdown of sugars, to proceed under conditions compatible with life.
-
Compare organic compounds to inorganic compounds.
- Organic compounds contain Carbon
- Inorganic compounds do not contain Carbon
-
Explain how the chimical properties of water make life possible.
- Solubility
- reactivity
- high heat capacity
- and its ability to serve as a lubricant
-
Define pH, and explain how the pH scale relats to acidity and alkalinity
- pH is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in moles per liter.
- The pH scale runes from 0-14; 0 being acidic and 14 being alkaline
-
WHat is the significance of pH in physiological systems?
If the body is to maintain homeostasis and thus health, the pHof different body fluids must remain within a fairly narrow range
-
Define the fololowing terms; acid, base and salt
Acid: any solute that dissociates in solution and releases hydrogen ions
Base: a solute that removes hydgrogen ions from a solution and thereby acts as a proton acceptor
Salt: an ionic compound containing any cation except a hydgrogen ion, and any anion except a hydroxide ion.
-
How does an antacid help decrease stomach discomfort?
The antacid acts as a buffer and neutralizes excess hydrochloric acid in the stomach
-
A food contains organic molecules with the elements C, H and O in a ration of 1:2:1. What class of compounds do these molecules belong to and what are their major functions in the body?
- charbohydrate
- The body uses carbohydrates mainly as an energy source
-
Describe lipids
- Lipids contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, and the carbon to hydrogen ration is near 1:2. Lipids contain much less oxygen than charbohydrates
- Include:
- Fatty acids
- eicosanoids
- glycerides
- steroids
- phospholipids
- glycolipids
-
Which lipids would you find in human plasma membranes?
- phospholipids
- small amounts of cholesterol and glycolipids
-
Describe a protein
proteins are the most abundant organic components of the human body. All proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
-
How does boiling a protein affect its structural and functional properties?
The heat of boiling breaks bonds that maintain the protein's tertiary sturcture, quaternary sturcture, or both. A protiens function depends on its structure
-
Describe a nucleic acid
nucliec acids are large organic molecules composed of carbon, hydgrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
-
A large organic molecule made of the sugar ribose, nitrogenous bases, and phosphate groups is which kind of nucleic acid?
RNA
-
Describe ATP
ATP (Adenosine TriPhosphate) is a high-energy compound used by cells
-
WHat molecule is produced by the phosphorylation of ADP?
ATP
-
Identify biochemical building blocks discussed in the chapter that are the componenets of cells.
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic acids
- Carbohydrates
-
Define metabolic turnover
the continuous breakdown and replacement of organic materials within cells
|
|
