Chem 1B COD

• atoms with certain number of nuerons have unique stability.
• # of stable Nuclides
•    Z          N         # of Nuclides
• even      even              157
• even      even                53
• odd       even                 50
• odd        odd                    5
• Other magic numbers: Z = 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126

¹₁P

¹₀N

⁰_-1e

• Position emission: emitts position ⁰₁e
• Position: an e^- that changed charge from negitive to positive like a proton but still is an electron.
• ³⁰₁₅P --> ³⁰₁₄Si + ⁰₁e

• Electron Capture: when neucleus captures an e- from the inner orbital and charges it to a neutron ¹₀N.
• ⁹²₄₄Ru + ⁰_-1e --> ⁹²₄₃Tc

• ability to ionize molecules and atoms.
• Ionization strength between alpha, beta, and gamma ray
• alpha decay > beta decay > gamma decay

• ability to penitrate matter.
• gamma ray > beta decay > alpha decay

• Gamma ray emission: ⁴₂He & gamma are released.
• ²³⁸₉₂U --> ²³⁴₉₀Th +⁰₀(gamma) + ⁴₂He

• used to estimate the age of acncient fossils.
• t_1/2 "half life" = 5730 years

• the splitting of a Uranium nucleus:
• ²³⁸₉₂U + ¹₀N --> ¹⁴⁰₅₆Ba + ⁹³₃₆Kr +3¹₀N + energy

enough U-235 to create a sustained chain reaction to occur.

• Control rods: absorb excess neutrons
• mass defect & nuclear binding energy.
• E=mc² --> nuclear binding energy.

• ^A_ZX
• A = Mass #
• Z = atomic # aka # of protons (p⁺)
• X = chem symbol
• N = A - Z
• N = # of nuetrons

• ln [ (C¹⁴/C¹²) / (C¹⁴/C¹²)_t] = (1.2 x 10⁴)t
• note: [C¹⁴/C¹²]₀ = (1.2x10^-12)=A₀ = C¹⁴

• A tube that contains an electrolyte that connects the two half-cells of a galvanic cell.
• f(x): allows the movement of ions required to keep the solution electrically neutral. (essential to complete the circuit).

Spontaneous redox reaction in which the electron transfer is forced to take place through a wire. SPONTANEOUS

²⁴²₉₄Pu --> ⁴₂He + ²³⁸₉₂U