Which system shows only a slight decline with age?
C.
A frequent concern of older adults is:
C.
A frequent respiratory complaint of older adults is:
B.
Standard components of respiratory care for the older adult include:
C.
With increasing age, a person's reduced tolerance for physical work may be due to the decreased:
A.
Which change occurs in aging kidneys?
A.
An age change that occurs due to loss of oils in the skin is:
D.
The leading cause of disability in old age is:
D.
The curvature of the thoracic spine that causes a bent-over appearance in sole older adults is:
C.
The term for hearing loss associated with age is:
A.
What percentage of older adults are hearing-impaired?
B.
The leading cause of new cases of blindness in older people is age-related:
C.
Which of the following is a normal aging change?
B.
The developmental challenge in old age is to:
D.
For effective gerontological care, the crucial basis for deciding care needs is:
A.
Progressive slowing of responses and reflexes in older adults is due to:
B.
A stressor, such as illness, may impair the older person's ability to compensate, resulting in:
B.
A 74-year-old man with cirrhosis is admitted to the hospital, and he has started taking a diuretic. Which age-related change may result in decreased drug clearance in this patient?
A.
Because older adults have a decreased number and sensitivity of sensory receptors and neurons, they should:
D.
The nurse is taking care of a 70-year old patient whose blood pressure is 150/90 mm Hg. What is an age-related cause of this blood pressure?
D.
The nurse is taking care of a 75-year-old patient whose resting cardiac output has fallen 40%. What is an explanation for this finding?
D.
A chronic hypoxic state of the brain in older persons may result in:
D.
An antigen that causes a hypersensitive reaction
allergen
A protein that is created in response to a specific antigen
antibody
Vegetable-like organisms that feed on organic matter and are capable of producing disease
fungi
A substance, usually a protein, that is capable of stimulating a response from the immune system
antigen
One-celled organisms capable of multiplying rapidly and causing illness
bacteria
Infectious microorganisms that can live and reproduce only within living cells; capable of causing illness, inflammation, and cell destruction
viruses
Microorganisms that are resistant to one or more classes of antimicrobial agents
multi-drug resistant organisms
Limiting the spread of microorganisms; often called clean technique
medical asepsis
Elimination of microorganisms from any object that comes in contact with the patient; often called sterile technique
surgical asepsis
Nonspecific immune response that occurs in response to bodily injury; condition in which the body is invaded by infectious organisms that multiply, causing injury and inflammatory response
inflammation
Hospital-acquired infections (infections that were not present at the time of admission)
health care-associated infection
Presence of an infectious organism on a body surface or an object
contamination
A condition in which the body is invaded by infectious organisms that multiply, causing injury.
infection
A condition in which the body is unable to distinguish self from non-self, causing the immune system to react and destroy its own tissues
autoimunity
Illness caused by infectious organisms or their toxins that can be transmitted, either directly or indirectly, from one person to another
comunicable disease
Condition in which the immune system is unable to defend the body against organisms
immunodeficiency
Resistance to or protection from a disease
immunity
Place the six factors of chain of infection in sequence.
D.
b
e
d
a
c
What type of precaution is needed for rubeola (measles), varicella (chicken pox), and tuberculosis?
airborne precautions
What type of precaution is needed for mumps, influenza, rubella, and diphtheria (pharyngeal)?
droplet precautions
What type of precaution is needed for scabies, impetigo, and varicella (chicken pox)?
contact precautions
What does diabetes mellitus type 1 target?
pancreas
What does Addison's disease target?
adrenal gland
What does multiple Sclerosis target?
brain and spinal cord
What does myasthenia gravis target?
neuromuscular junction
What does Rheumatic fever target?
heart
What does ulcerative colitis target?
colon
What does Crohn's disease target?
ileum
What does rheumatoid arthritis target?
joints
What does autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura target?
platelets
Prostaglandins, histamine, and leukotrienes are examples of:
A.
A hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that is anti-inflammatory is:
D.
Cells that are produced to clean up inflammatory debris are called:
D.
Which of the following is a sign of local infection?
A.
Many childhood illnesses such as measles and chickenpox and some forms of hepatitis are caused by:
A.
It is seldom possible to kill viruses because:
D.
Ringworm (tinea corporis) and athlete's foot (tinea pedis) are examples of disease caused by:
E.
The overgrowth of a second microorganism that can cause illness following antibiotic therapy for one microorganism is called:
C.
The most basic and effective method of preventing cross-contamination is:
B.
The primary cause of health care-associated infections is:
D.
The elimination of microorganisms from any object that comes in contact with the patient is called:
A.
How much fluid is required by patients with infection?
C.
Patient teaching for people undergoing hyperbaric oxygen therapy includes:
A.
An advantage of home health care for infected patients is that the patient is:
C.
Which type of precaution is used to treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections?
C.
People with generalized infections become dehydrated because of:
D.
A diet recommended for patients with infection is:
A.
A common side effect of broad-spectrum antibiotics is:
A.
Food-borne illness is a common community-acquired infectious disease often caused by:
C.
What percentage of the U.S. population suffers from allergies of some sort?
C.
Antigens that cause hypersensitivity reactions are called:
D.
Allergy testing is performed by injecting small amounts of allergen:
C.
A 36-year-old female has multiple sclerosis. Which tissues and organs are affected?
D.
It is now necessary to give two or more drugs to tuberculosis patients because:
A.
A common protozoal infection that occurs as an opportunistic infection in persons who are HIV-positive is:
B.
Any items that have been touched or cross-contaminated by the host, such as bed linens or side rails, are:
D.
Person with type AB-positive blood who can receive transfusions with any type of blood because all of the common antigens (A, B, and RH) are present in the blood.
universal recipient
A purplish skin lesion resulting from blood leaking outside the blood vessels
ecchymosis
A reduction in the number of red blood cells or in the quantity of hemoglobin
anemia
A small (1-3 mm) red or reddish-purple spot on the skin resulting from blood capillaries breaking and leaking small amounts of blood into the tissues
petechia
A primary function of the hematologic system
oxygenation
Person with type O-negative blood who can donate blood to anyone because none of the common antigens are present in the blood
universal donor
Changes in blood pressure and pulse as person moves from lying to sitting to standing positions
orthostatic vital sign changes
Red or reddish-purple skin lesion 3 mm or more in size that results from blood leaking outside of the blood vessels
purpura
Control of bleeding
hemostasis
Results from complete failure of bone marrow
aplastic anemia
Occurs when a person does not absorb vitamin B12 from the stomach
pernicious anemia
A genetic disease carried on a recessive gene
sickle cell anemia
Results from diet low in iron or inability of the body to absorb enough iron from GI tract
iron deficiency anemia
Causes include cancer chemotherapy and radiation
thrombocytopenia
Secondary disorder to another pathologic process, such as sepsis, shock, burns, or obstetric complications
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
Hyper-coagulable state with thrombosis and hemorrhage
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
Genetic disease in which a person lacks blood-clotting factors normally found in the plasma
hemophilia
May be caused by drugs (such as streptomycin and chloramphenicol) and exposure to toxic chemicals and radiation
aplastic anemia
Symptoms include weakness, sore tongue, and numbness of hands or feet
pernicious anemia
Misshapen red blood cells become fragile and rupture easily
sickle cell anemia
Which drug(s) replaces iron?
Ferrous sulfate and Iron dextran
Which drug stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells?
epoietin alfa
Which drug is an intramuscular injection that must be given every month for the rest of the person's life, if the patient has pernicious anemia?
Vitamin B12
What drug may be given intravenous or subcutaneous injection and the patient is usually treated three times per week until the hematocrit is 30-33?
Iron dextran
A condition in which there are too many blood cells is called:
A.
The treatment for autoimmune hemolytic anemia is:
A.
The treatment for aplastic anemia is:
B.
Treatment for sickle cell crisis includes:
B.
For each unit of packed RBCs transfused, the patient's hemoglobin should increase approximately:
D.
Red or reddish-purple spots 3 mm or larger that are the result of blood vessels breaking are:
D.
Patients with low red blood cell counts may have:
D.
Once blood is picked up from the blood bank, the transfusion should be started within:
A.
Platelets are generally administered when a patient's platelet count drops below:
D.
If platelets are ordered before a procedure such as a lumbar puncture or endoscopy to prevent post procedure bleeding, the platelets should be administered:
D.
The treatment for hemophilia is:
D.
Symptoms of thrombocytopenia include:
D.
Treatment for thrombocytopenia in a cancer patients receiving chemotherapy or radiation therapy includes:
C.
The condition in which a person has too few platelets circulating in the blood is called:
D.
Four types of blood transfusion reactions include hemolytic, circulatory overload, febrile, and:
C.
Feverfew, garlic, and ginkgo are herbs that affect:
B.
What is the role of the spleen related to the hematologic system?
C.
How many liters of blood circulating through the body does a health adult have?
B.
What is the most common site for a bone marrow biopsy?
D.
What is a term used to describe the series of events that occur in the process of blood clotting?
A.
If a patient with anemia is orthostatic and tilt-positive, which should be increased?
A.
Resistance to or protection from a disease
immunity
Certain white blood cells (neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages) that engulf and destroy invading pathogens, dead cells, and cellular debris.
phagocytes
Class of fatty acids that regulates vasodilation, temperature elevation, white blood cell activation, and other physiologic processes
eicosanoid
Freely circulating Y-shaped antigen-binding protein produced by B lymphocytes and plasma cells.
antibody
Disease-causing microorganisms
pathogen
A substance, usually a protein, that is capable of stimulating a response from the immune system
antigen
Defensive system that is operational at all times, consisting of anatomic and physiologic barriers, the inflammatory response, and the ability of certain cells to phagocytose invaders
innate immunity
Defensive response by TC cells aimed at intracellular defects such as viruses and cancer
cell-mediated immunity
Antibody-mediated or cell-mediated response that is specific to a particular pathogen and is activated when needed.
acquired immunity
Defensive response by B cells assisted by TH cells, aimed at invading microorganisms such as bacteria
antibody-mediated immunity
Membrane-bound, Y-shaped binding protein produced by B lymphocytes; called antibody when released from the cell membrane
immunoglobulin
Actions taken to help protect patients with low white blood cell counts from infection
compromised host precautions
Cancer of the white blood cells in which the bone marrow produces too many immature white blood cells.
leukemia
What is the function of lymph nodes?
Act(s) as filter to remove microorganisms from the lymph fluid before it returns to the blood
What is the function of bone marrow?
Produce(s) white blood cells
What is the function of the spleen?
Filter(s) and destroy(s) microorganisms in the blood
What is the function of the thymus?
Participate(s) in the maturation of T lymphocytes
Called macrophages when they enter tissue; powerful phagocytes
monocytes
Initiate inflammatory response; circulate in blood and release histamine
basophils
Fight bacterial infections; most numerous type of the white blood cells
neutrophils
Combat parasitic infections; associated with allergies
eosinophils
Manufacture immunoglobulins and stimulate the production of antibodies
B lymphocytes
Store histamine; located in body tissues
mast cells
Secrete cytokines, facilitating body's immune system
T lymphocytes
Process of ingesting and digesting invading pathogens, dead cells, and cellular debris
phagocytosis
Process of self-recognition that occurs as part of normal neonatal growth and development
tolerance
Response initiated with IgM immunoglobulins on the surface of B lymphocytes detect a foreign antigen
antibody-mediated immunity
System activated only when needed in response to a specific antigen; can be antibody-mediated or cell-mediated
acquired immunity
Response aimed at intracellular defects caused by viruses and cancer; responsible for delayed hypersensitivity reactions and transplant organ tissue rejection
cell-mediated immunity
System that consists of anatomic and physiologic barriers, inflammatory response, and action of phagocytic cells
innate immunity
Defense systems present at birth
innate immunity
Defense systems specific to a particular pathogen
innate immunity
Immunity responsible for delayed hypersensitivity reactions
cell-mediated immunity
Immunity aimed at invading microorganisms such as bacteria
antibody-mediated immunity
The body's defense network against infection is the:
C.
Which filters microorganisms from the lymph fluid before it is returned to the bloodstream?
A.
The body's first line of defense is:
C.
Which is responsible for delayed hypersensitivity reactions and rejection of transplanted tissue?
C.
The most numerous white blood cells are the:
D.
A class of fatty acids that regulates vasodilation, temperature elevation, white blood cell activation, and other immune processes includes:
A.
Substances that make the antigen more recognizable to neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages are:
B.
When there is a breakdown of tolerance, what types of diseases occur?
D.
The body's ability to determine self from non-self is called:
D.
A "shift to the left" on a CBC indicates that more than 60% of white blood cells are:
B.
A blood test that detects antibodies present in the blood that may indicate autoimmune disorders is:
C.
Which diagnostic procedure is done to detect and identify microorganisms in blood?
B.
The function of colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) is to simulate the:
A.
A condition that puts a patient at increased risk of infection is:
C.
A cancer of the white blood cells in which the bone marrow produces too many immature WBCs is:
C.
The reason pus may not be seen even though infection is present in a patient with leukemia is that patients with leukemia do not have normal:
A.
When a patient's absolute neutrophil count falls below 1000/mm3, what precautions are instituted?
D.
What minimizes the chance of the recipient's immune system attacking the transplanted organ?
D.
Exaggerated immune responses that are uncomfortable and potentially harmful are:
D.
What is the priority nursing diagnosis for a patient with acute leukemia?
B.
Which change in vital signs may indicate sepsis, a common complication of leukemia?
A.
A common finding in patients with leukemia is a hematocrit below 30 g/dl and hemoglobin below 10 g/dl, indication a condition of:
C.
What presents the greatest risk to patients with leukemia?
C.
Medication that interferes with the maturation of viral particles.
Protease inhibitor
Disease that is now viewed less as a fatal illness than as a manageable chronic condition.
AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)
Medication regimen or a combination of drugs that is recommended when the viral load reaches certain levels.
HAART (Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy)
Retrovirus that causes AIDS.
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
People become infected by ingesting contaminated, undercooked meats or vegetables.
toxoplasmosis
Main symptom is severe, persistent, water diarrhea.
cryptosporidiosis
Second leading cause of death among AIDS patients.
Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
Occurs in about 80% of HIV patients.
candidiasis
Mainly transmitted by blood and body fluids through unprotected sex.
cytomegaloviruse
Infection starts with primary outbreak, then latency and possible reactivation later.
herpes simplex
Fungal infection with symptom of thrush.
candidiasis
Symptoms include shortness of breath upon exertion, fever, and a nonproductive cough.
Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
What is the leading cause of death in people with AIDS?
D.
About how long after infection does the body produce enough antibodies to be detected by standard HIV testing?
C.
Which substances remain at high levels throughout the course of HIV infection?
D.
Antiviral medications are given to patients with HIV infection to:
B.
Which test for HIV infection is the most reliable diagnostic test?
B.
How many newly diagnosed HIV infections occur annually in the United States?
A.
Which drug is used to treat opportunistic fungal infections in people with HIV infection?
C.
Which opportunistic infection is treated with Bactrim and Pentamidine?
A.
What is the usually combination of drugs for HIV patients who are started on the medication regimen called HAART?
C.
What is the most serious problem with HAART therapy?
C.
What type of cells does HIV gradually destroy that are essential for resisting pathogens?
C.
HIV is passed from person to person primarily through:
C.
The leading cause of death in people with AIDS is:
B.
For many women, one of the first symptoms of HIV infection is:
C.
A type of skin cancer that has dramatically increased as a result of AIDS is:
D.
The medical treatment of HIV infection includes the use of zidovudine (AZT, Retrovir), which is given to:
D.
Drugs such as clindamycin, Pentamidine, and Bactrim are used to:
A.
The risk of transmission of HIV increases with:
C.
The transmission of HIV can occur through:
C.
The patient with AIDS is at high risk for opportunistic infections because of:
D.
Patients with AIDS may have disturbed thought processes due to:
A.
As the number of CD4 cell counts decreases, the patient becomes increasingly susceptible to:
D.
Which tissue can be infected by HIV?
C.
What is one of the major reasons for noncompliance among patients receiving HAART therapy?
B.
The best way to prevent transmission of HIV is to: