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Define sound.
Vibrations that are transmitted, usually through air, to the eardrum, which sends impulses to the brain.
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Define tone.
Sound that has a definite pitch, or frequency.
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Define pitch.
Relative highness or lowness of a sound.
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Define tone color or timbre.
Quality of sound that distinguishes one intrument or voice from another.
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Define pitch range.
Distance between the highest and lowest tones that a given voice or instrument can produce.
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Define solefege.
The application of the sol-fa syllables to a musical scale or to a melody.
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Define interval.
Distance in pitch between any two notes.
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Define octave.
Interval between two tones in which the higher tone has twice the frequency of the lower tone.
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Define dynamics.
Degrees of loudness or softness in music.
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Define pianissmo (pp).
Very soft.
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Define mezzo piano (mp).
Moderately soft.
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Define mezzo forte (mf).
Moderately loud.
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Define fortissmo (ff).
Very loud.
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Define decrescendo.
Gradually softer.
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Define diminuendo.
Gradually softer.
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Define crescendo.
Gradually louder.
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Define soprano.
Highest female voice.
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Define alto (or contralto).
Lowest female voice.
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Define tenor.
Highest male voice.
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Define bass.
Lowest male voice.
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What are the six classification categories?
- 1. String.
- 2. Woodwind.
- 3. Brass.
- 4. Percussion.
- 5. Keyboard.
- 6. Electronic.
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In a typical seating plan for a large orchestra, what is the distribution of the instruments?
- From front to back:
- 1. String.
- 2. Woodwind.
- 3. Brass.
- 4. Percussion.
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Which instrument is the soprano of the string family?
Violin.
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Which instrument is the alto of the string family?
Viola.
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Which instrument is the tenor of the string family?
Cello.
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Which instrument is the bass of the string family?
Double bass.
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Define pizzicato.
Plucked string.
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Define double stop.
Two notes at once. (String intruments).
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Define triple stop.
Three notes at once. (String instruments).
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Define quadruple stop.
Four notes at once. (String instruments).
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Define vibrato.
Throbbing, expressive tone by rocking left hand while pressing the string down.
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Define mute.
Veil or muffle, fitting a clamp onto the bridge.
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Define tremolo.
Rapidly repeating tones by quick up-and-down strokes of the bow.
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Define harmonics.
Very high-pitched tones. High squeaky tones.
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What are the three classifications of the woodwind family?
- 1. Open hole.
- 2. Single reed.
- 3. Double reed.
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What instruments are open-hole in the woodwind family?
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What instruments are single-reed in the woodwind family?
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What instruments are double-reed in the woodwind family?
- Oboe.
- English horn.
- Bassoon.
- Contrabassoon.
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Define reed.
A very thin piece of cane, used in woodwind instruments to produce sound as it is set inot vibration by a stream of air.
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Define single-reed instruments.
Instruments whose sound is produced by a single piece of cane, or reed, fastened over a hole in the mouthpiece. The reed vibrates when the player blows into the mouthpiece.
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Define double-reed woodwinds.
Instruments whose sound is produced by two narrow pieces of cane held between the player's lips; these pieces vibrate when the player blows between them.
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What family does the saxophone belong to?
Woodwind family.
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What are the four commonalities of the brass family?
- 1. All made of brass.
- 2. All have cup or funnel shaped mouthpiece.
- 3. All work on overtone series (7 harmonic series.
- 4. All use valves; except trombone.
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How many mutes are there for the brass family?
Four. All have different timbre.
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What are the instruments of the brass family?
- S- Trumpet.
- A - French horn.
- T - Trombone.
- B - Tuba.
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What are the two categories of percussion instruments?
- 1. Definite pitch.
- 2. Indefinite pitch.
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Define definite pitch.
Percussion instruments that produce a tone.
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Define indefinite pitch.
Percussion instruments that produce a noiselike sound.
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What are the instruments of the percussion family that have definite pitch?
- Timpani (kettledrums).
- Glockenspiel.
- Xylophone.
- Celesta.
- Chimes.
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What are the instruments of the percussion family that have indefinite pitch?
- Snare drum (side rum).
- Bass drum.
- tambourine.
- Triangle.
- Cymbals.
- Gong (tam-tam)
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What are the instruments of the keyboard family?
- Piano.
- Harpsichord.
- Pipe Organ.
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Define rhythm.
Ordered flow of music through time; the pattern of durations of notes and silences in music.
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Define beat.
Regular, recurrent pulsation that divides music into equal units of time.
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Define meter.
Organization of beats into regular groups.
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Define measure.
Rhythmic group set off by bar lines, containing a fixed number of beats.
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Define accent.
Emphasis of a note, which may result from its being louder, longer, or higher in pitch than the notes near it.
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Define syncopation.
Accenting of a note at an unexpected time, as between two beats or on a weak beat. Syncopation is a major characteristic of jazz.
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Define upbeat.
Unaccented pulse preceding the downbeat.
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Define downbeat.
First, or stressed, beat of a measure.
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Define offbeat.
A note at unexpected time; also known as syncopation.
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Define theme.
Melody that serves as the starting point for an extended piece of music.
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Define variation.
Changing some features of a musical idea while retaining others.
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Define tempo.
The speed of the beat; the basic pace of the music.
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Define largo.
very slow, broad.
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Define grave.
Very slow, solemn.
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Define andante.
Moderately slow, a walking pace.
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Define moderato.
Moderate.
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Define allegretto.
Moderately fast.
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Define presto.
Very fast.
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Define prestissimo.
As fast as possible.
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Define treble clef.
- (G clef)
- Used for relatively high ranges.
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Define bass clef.
- (F clef)
- Used for relatively low ranges.
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Define sharp sign (#).
Raises note 1/2 step.
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Define natural sign (L7).
Cancels sharp or flat sign.
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Define Middle C.
Note that the C nearest to the middle of the keyboard.
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Define grand staff.
A combination of the treble and bass staves.
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Define enharmonic.
A note that sounds the same, spelled differently.
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Define dotted note.
Increases duration by half.
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Define tie.
Way to lengthen the duration of a note.
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Define triplet.
Three notes of equal duration notated as a group within a curved line and the number 3.
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Define rest.
Duration of silence.
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Define time signature (meter signature).
Shows the meter of a piece. The upper numbers tells how many beats fall in a measure. The lower number tells what kind of note gets the beat.
- 2
- 4 2 beats to the measure, a quarter note gets 1 beat.
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Define melody.
The part which we remember. Is a series of single tones that add up to a recognizable whole.
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Define melodic curve (melodic line).
The up-and-down movement of melody's pitches conveys tension and release, expectation and arrival.
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Define climax.
Emotional focal point. The highest tone of a melody.
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Define legato.
Tones of a melody performed in a smooth, connected style.
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Define staccato.
Tones of a melody performed in a short, detached manner.
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Define steps.
Melody moves by small intervals.
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Define leaps.
Melody moves by larger intervals.
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Define phrases.
Short units may have similar pitch and rhythm patterns that help unify the melody. (8 measures).
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Define cadence.
A resting place at the end of a phrase; a point of arrival.
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Define incomplete cadence.
Partial, setting up expectations.
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Define complete cadence.
Gives a sense of finality.
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Define harmony.
Chords used to support; refers to the way chords are constructed and how they follow each other.
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Define chord.
Comes in a progression. Is a combination fo three or more tones sounded at once.
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Define tonic chord.
1st chord. A triad built on the 1st, or tonic note of the scale; it is the main chord of a piece, the most stable and conclusive.
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Define dominant chord.
5th note or chord, brings you back to 1. The triad built on the 5th note of the scale; strongly pulled toward the tonic chord.
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Define triad.
the simplest, most basic chord, which consists of three tones.
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Define cononance.
A tone combination taht is stable; pleasing to the ear.
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Define dissonance.
A tone combination that is unstable; has to be rosolved.
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Define resolution.
When dissonance moves to consonance.
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Define arpeggio (broken chord).
When the individual tones of a chord are sounded one after another.
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Define key (keynote, central note, tonic, tonality).
The central tone; involves not only a central tone but also a central scale and chord; A keynote can be any of the 12 tones of the octave.
When a piece is in the key of C, for example, C is the keynote.
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Define key signature.
Used to indicate the key of a piece of music, consisting of sharp or flat signs immediately following the clef sign at the beginning of the staff.
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Define chromatic scale.
The twelve tones of the octave; tones are all one half step apart.
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Define musical texture.
Refers to how many different layers of sound are heard at once.
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Define monophonic (unison).
The texture of a single melodic line without accompaniment; having one sound.
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Define polyphonic.
The texture that has simultaneous performance of two or more melodic lines of relatively equal interest; having many sounds.
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Define counterpoint.
Technique of combining several melodic lines into a meaningful whole.
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Define imitation (cannon).
Occurs when a melodic idea is presented by one voice or instrument and is then restated immediately by another.
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Define homophonic.
- Accompaniments vary widely in character and importance.
- Between homophonic and polyphonic.
- When we hear one main melody accompanied by chords.
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Define musical form.
Organization of musical elements in time.
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Define binary form.
2 part form; A B; composition made up in two sections.
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Define ternary form.
Three part form; statement (A), contrast or departure (B), return (A).
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Define repetition.
Technique that creates a sense of unity; appeals to the pleasure we get in recognizing and remembering something.
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Define contrast.
Technique that provide vareity; forward motion, conflict, and change of mood; propels and develops musical ideas.
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Define variation.
In keeping some elements of a musical thought while changing other; some of its features will be retained while others are changed.
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