Plant Science Chapter 6

branch of biology dealing with the study of cell components and their function.

cell wall, chloroplast, mitochondria, LACK: centrioles, lysosomes

living unit of cell within the cell wall

pores that allow movement throught the cell wall

Contains cellulose strands, has matrix of hemicellulose, pectins, and proteins. 

primarily cellulose and hemicellulose, secondary thickening of lignin, provides support, protection, and conduction.

complex organic molecule found in secondary cell walls

composed of pectins and proteins, occurs between walls of adjacent cells

composed of phospholipid bilayer

• 1. Integral Proteins: go through lipid bilayer
• 2. Peripheral Proteins: on inner & outter surfaces of bilayer

a viscous fluid surrounded by plasma membrane

flow of organelles

• 1. Plastids
• 2. Mitochondria
• 3. Ribosomes
• 4. Endoplasmic Reticulum
• 5. Golgi Apparatus
• 6. Nucleus
• 7. Vacuoles

study of form, structure & development

study of microscopic structure of plants

bare-seed plants not coated by pistil, non-flowering

female gamete protected within an enclosed ovary, flowering plant

• 1. Monoctyledons: "monocots" have an embryo with one cotyledon. (Corn)
• 2. Dicotyledons: "dicots" have an embryo with two cotyledons (Bean)

primary root

primary shoot

sheath that surrounds the radicle and through which young developing root emerges

roots other than those from radicle also referred to as anchor, brace, or prop roots, give added support to plant.

sheath-like leaf that protects emerging plumule

female flower having pistils but no stamens 

male flowers having stamens but no pistils 

small, one-seeded dry fruit

stem region above the roots and below the two cotyledons

growing point that lies between the 2 cotyledons of a dicot flanked by two opposite primary foliage leaves

stem region just above the cotyledons and below the first trifoiate leaves

adenosine triphosphate, energy-rich compound produced from mitochondria

membrane surrounding vacuole

comprised of actively dividing cells that develop and differentiate into other tissues and organs

apical meristems, shoot, root, subapical meristems, intercalary meristems, lateral meristems, vascular meristems, cork cambium

to produce new buds and leaves in uniform pattern / epidermis, cortex, primary xylem and phloem, central pith of stem

to produce new cells a few micrometers behind apical meristem (growth in height of plant)

(often found in grasses) to produce new cells across a stem or leaf (expand and elongate plant)

(buds) found in the axils of leaves on a stem (dormant untill apical meristem removed) responsible for secondary growth (vascular cambium & cork cambium)

• 1. new xylem (water & mineral conducting elements)
• 2. new phloem (photosynthetic conducting elements)

chiefly bark

• 1. simple: uniform, composed of only 1 type of cell
• examples - epidermis, cork
• 2. complex: mixed, containing different types of cells
• examples - xylem, phloem

single exterior layer of cells that protects stems, leaves, flowers, roots.

tissue that conducts water and dissolved minerals from roots to all parts or plant

vessels, tracheids, fibers, parenchyma

conducts food and metabolites from the leaves to the stem, flowers, roots, and storage organs 

sieve tubes, sieve tube members, companion cells, fibers, parenchyma

meristematic, dermal, ground, vascular

• 1. fibrous system
• 2. tap system

single layer of cells in roots at inner edge of cortex

(in seed-bearing plants) consists of pericycle, phloem, xylem, piths, pith rays, and vascular cambium

• 1. Epidermis: outermost tissue layer
• 2. Sclerenchyma / Collenchyma: several layers of cells for support
• 3. Vascular Bundles: xylem & phloem formed in ring around central pith region of ground tissue
• 4. Periderm: cork or bark
• 5. Vascular Cambium: source or vascular tissue

• 1. Rhizoma: underground, grows horizontally
• examples - johnson grass, bermuda grass
• 2. Stolons: aboveground, grows horizontally
• example - ferns, strawberries, bermuda grass
• 3. Corms: underground, thickened compressed 
• examples - freesia, gladiolus
• 4. Bulbs: underground, highly compressed to which numerous storage leaves are attached
• examples - onions, tulips
• 5. Tubers: underground, enlarged, fleshy, terminal portions
• example - white potato

contains intercellular spaces through which CO_2, H₂O and O₂

• 1. Complete: have sepals, stamens, pistils, and pedals
• 2. Incomplete: lack one or more of following - sepals, pistils,  stamens, pedals

have both pistil and stamen

pistillate flowers and staminate flowers

plants having both staminate & pistillate flowers on same same plant (corn)

plants with pistillate & staminate flowers on seperarte individual plants

• 1. Simple: single ovary on one flower
• 2. Aggregate (Multiple): multiple ovaries on one flower

group of organized cells of similar structure to perform collective function

phloem

where soil gets hard and keeps plant from pushing out

thick-walled cells found throughout plants, provide support for stems and bark

• 1: G₁ Phase (1st Gap Phase) - organelles double in number, metabolism increases
• 2: S Phase (Synthesis Phase) - DNA Replicates
• 3: G₂ Phase (2nd Gap Phase) - protein sythesis & final preparation for mitosis

• 1. Prophase: chromatin condense, nuclear membrane disappears
• 2. Metaphase: spindle fibers evident, chromatins align along equator
• 3. Anaphase: chromatids are pulled apart and move to opposite poles
• 4. Telophase: chromatin lengthens, nuclear membrane reforms

diversely-shaped, thin-walled cells that make up cortex responsible for photosythesis & respiration 

reiforced cells with cellulose thickened primary cell walls that are flexible and provide support to petioles and leaves

• 1. Roots: water uptake, support, storage
• 2. Stems: transport, support, storage, production
• 3. Leaves: light interception, photosynthesis
• 4. Inflorescences: (flower), site of meiosis, sexual repro
• 5. Fruits: mature ovary plus associated parts

• 1. Epidermis: outer layer of cells, includes root hairs
• 2. Cortex: zone of parenchyma cells for storage and water / nutrient diffusion
• 3. Endodermis: seperates cortex from stele, has Casparian strip composed of waterproof bark
• 4. Pericycle: outermost zone of stele, meristematic, responsible for lateral root development
• 5. Xylem & Phloem: metabolites, food, water, and dissolved nutrient movement

1/4 to 1/3 of total biomass

threadlike symbiotic fungus that penetrates roots and spreads throughout the soil to effectively increase surface area of plant's root system

• 1. Blade: flat, expanded part of leaf
• 2. Petiole: leaf stalk, connects blade to stem, conducts materials to and from leaf
• 3. Sheath: 
• 4. Stipules: small paired appendages at base of petiole
• 5. Tendrils: 

leaf hairs

• 1. Calyx: composed of sepals
• 2. Corolla: composed of petals 
• 3. Stamens: male reproductive organs, composed of filament and anther
• 4. Carpels: female reproductive organs, pistil

• Perfect - Unisexual or Bisexual 
• Complete - Major Part Inclusion