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Define Cytology
branch of biology dealing with the study of cell components and their function.
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Characteristics of Plant Cells and what they lack
cell wall, chloroplast, mitochondria, LACK: centrioles, lysosomes
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Define Protoplast
living unit of cell within the cell wall
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Define Pits
pores that allow movement throught the cell wall
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Describe the Primary Cell Wall layer
Contains cellulose strands, has matrix of hemicellulose, pectins, and proteins.
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Describe the Sceondary Cell Wall Layer
primarily cellulose and hemicellulose, secondary thickening of lignin, provides support, protection, and conduction.
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Define Lignin
complex organic molecule found in secondary cell walls
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Define the Middle Lamella
composed of pectins and proteins, occurs between walls of adjacent cells
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Describe the Plasma Membrane
composed of phospholipid bilayer
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Describe the 2 Different Types of Proteins
- 1. Integral Proteins: go through lipid bilayer
- 2. Peripheral Proteins: on inner & outter surfaces of bilayer
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Define Cytoplasm
a viscous fluid surrounded by plasma membrane
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Define Cytoplasmic Streaming
flow of organelles
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Major Organelles in Plant Cells
- 1. Plastids
- 2. Mitochondria
- 3. Ribosomes
- 4. Endoplasmic Reticulum
- 5. Golgi Apparatus
- 6. Nucleus
- 7. Vacuoles
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Morphology
study of form, structure & development
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Histology
study of microscopic structure of plants
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Gymnosperms
bare-seed plants not coated by pistil, non-flowering
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Angiosperms
female gamete protected within an enclosed ovary, flowering plant
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Name and Define the Two Classes of Angiosperms
- 1. Monoctyledons: "monocots" have an embryo with one cotyledon. (Corn)
- 2. Dicotyledons: "dicots" have an embryo with two cotyledons (Bean)
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Coleorhiza
sheath that surrounds the radicle and through which young developing root emerges
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Adventitious Roots
roots other than those from radicle also referred to as anchor, brace, or prop roots, give added support to plant.
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Coleoptile
sheath-like leaf that protects emerging plumule
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Pistillate Flowers
female flower having pistils but no stamens
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Staminate Flowers
male flowers having stamens but no pistils
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Caryopsis
small, one-seeded dry fruit
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Hypocotyl
stem region above the roots and below the two cotyledons
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Apical
growing point that lies between the 2 cotyledons of a dicot flanked by two opposite primary foliage leaves
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Epicotyl
stem region just above the cotyledons and below the first trifoiate leaves
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ATP
adenosine triphosphate, energy-rich compound produced from mitochondria
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Tonoplast
membrane surrounding vacuole
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Meristematic Tissue
comprised of actively dividing cells that develop and differentiate into other tissues and organs
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What are the Common Categories of Meristematic Tissues
apical meristems, shoot, root, subapical meristems, intercalary meristems, lateral meristems, vascular meristems, cork cambium
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What is the Apical Meristem's Function
to produce new buds and leaves in uniform pattern / epidermis, cortex, primary xylem and phloem, central pith of stem
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What is the Subapical Meristem's Function
to produce new cells a few micrometers behind apical meristem (growth in height of plant)
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What is the Intercalary Meristem's Function
(often found in grasses) to produce new cells across a stem or leaf (expand and elongate plant)
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What is the Lateral Meristem's Function
(buds) found in the axils of leaves on a stem (dormant untill apical meristem removed) responsible for secondary growth (vascular cambium & cork cambium)
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What does the Vascular Cambium Produce
- 1. new xylem (water & mineral conducting elements)
- 2. new phloem (photosynthetic conducting elements)
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What does the Cork Cambium Produce
chiefly bark
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What are the Two Types of Permanent Tissues
- 1. simple: uniform, composed of only 1 type of cell
- examples - epidermis, cork
- 2. complex: mixed, containing different types of cells
- examples - xylem, phloem
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Epidermis
single exterior layer of cells that protects stems, leaves, flowers, roots.
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Xylem
tissue that conducts water and dissolved minerals from roots to all parts or plant
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What are cells found in the Xylem
vessels, tracheids, fibers, parenchyma
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Phloem
conducts food and metabolites from the leaves to the stem, flowers, roots, and storage organs
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What are cells found in the Phloem
sieve tubes, sieve tube members, companion cells, fibers, parenchyma
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Plant Tissue Types
meristematic, dermal, ground, vascular
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Two Types of Root Systems
- 1. fibrous system
- 2. tap system
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Endodermis
single layer of cells in roots at inner edge of cortex
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Vascular System
(in seed-bearing plants) consists of pericycle, phloem, xylem, piths, pith rays, and vascular cambium
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Tissues of Stem
- 1. Epidermis: outermost tissue layer
- 2. Sclerenchyma / Collenchyma: several layers of cells for support
- 3. Vascular Bundles: xylem & phloem formed in ring around central pith region of ground tissue
- 4. Periderm: cork or bark
- 5. Vascular Cambium: source or vascular tissue
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Name and Describe the 5 Stem Forms
- 1. Rhizoma: underground, grows horizontally
- examples - johnson grass, bermuda grass
- 2. Stolons: aboveground, grows horizontally
- example - ferns, strawberries, bermuda grass
- 3. Corms: underground, thickened compressed
- examples - freesia, gladiolus
- 4. Bulbs: underground, highly compressed to which numerous storage leaves are attached
- examples - onions, tulips
- 5. Tubers: underground, enlarged, fleshy, terminal portions
- example - white potato
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Mesophyll
contains intercellular spaces through which CO2, H2O and O2
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Name and Define the 2 Types of Flowers
- 1. Complete: have sepals, stamens, pistils, and pedals
- 2. Incomplete: lack one or more of following - sepals, pistils, stamens, pedals
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Perfect Flowers
have both pistil and stamen
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Imperfect Flowers
pistillate flowers and staminate flowers
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Monoecious
plants having both staminate & pistillate flowers on same same plant (corn)
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Dioecious
plants with pistillate & staminate flowers on seperarte individual plants
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Name and Define the Two Types of Fruit
- 1. Simple: single ovary on one flower
- 2. Aggregate (Multiple): multiple ovaries on one flower
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Tissues
group of organized cells of similar structure to perform collective function
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What is source to sink movenement associated with
phloem
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Soil Crusting
where soil gets hard and keeps plant from pushing out
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Sclerenchyma Tissue
thick-walled cells found throughout plants, provide support for stems and bark
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Name and Describe the 3 Phases of the Cell Cycle
- 1: G1 Phase (1st Gap Phase) - organelles double in number, metabolism increases
- 2: S Phase (Synthesis Phase) - DNA Replicates
- 3: G2 Phase (2nd Gap Phase) - protein sythesis & final preparation for mitosis
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4 Stages of Mitosis
- 1. Prophase: chromatin condense, nuclear membrane disappears
- 2. Metaphase: spindle fibers evident, chromatins align along equator
- 3. Anaphase: chromatids are pulled apart and move to opposite poles
- 4. Telophase: chromatin lengthens, nuclear membrane reforms
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Parenchyma Tissue
diversely-shaped, thin-walled cells that make up cortex responsible for photosythesis & respiration
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Collenchyma
reiforced cells with cellulose thickened primary cell walls that are flexible and provide support to petioles and leaves
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Name and Describe the 4 Phases of Mitosis
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What are the 5 Major Plant Organs and Their Functions
- 1. Roots: water uptake, support, storage
- 2. Stems: transport, support, storage, production
- 3. Leaves: light interception, photosynthesis
- 4. Inflorescences: (flower), site of meiosis, sexual repro
- 5. Fruits: mature ovary plus associated parts
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Tissues of Root
- 1. Epidermis: outer layer of cells, includes root hairs
- 2. Cortex: zone of parenchyma cells for storage and water / nutrient diffusion
- 3. Endodermis: seperates cortex from stele, has Casparian strip composed of waterproof bark
- 4. Pericycle: outermost zone of stele, meristematic, responsible for lateral root development
- 5. Xylem & Phloem: metabolites, food, water, and dissolved nutrient movement
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How Much Weight are Roots Responsible for of Plant
1/4 to 1/3 of total biomass
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Mychorrhiza
threadlike symbiotic fungus that penetrates roots and spreads throughout the soil to effectively increase surface area of plant's root system
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Name and Describe the Parts of a Leaf
- 1. Blade: flat, expanded part of leaf
- 2. Petiole: leaf stalk, connects blade to stem, conducts materials to and from leaf
- 3. Sheath:
- 4. Stipules: small paired appendages at base of petiole
- 5. Tendrils:
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Name and Describe Flower Parts
- 1. Calyx: composed of sepals
- 2. Corolla: composed of petals
- 3. Stamens: male reproductive organs, composed of filament and anther
- 4. Carpels: female reproductive organs, pistil
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What do Perfect/Imperfect and Complete/Incomplete Flowers Refer To
- Perfect - Unisexual or Bisexual
- Complete - Major Part Inclusion
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