DEP- Chapter 2

results in each gamete’s having only half the genetic material of all other normal cells in the body.

The idea that there is an emergence of new structures and functions during development.

results from the union of two gametes

After implantation, cells differentiate via ______

barrier against some, but not all toxins and infectious agents

protective membrane that surrounds the amnion

membrane filled with fluid in which the fetus floats, provides a protective buffer for the fetus

Delivers blood to developing organism

Removes waste from developing organism

permits food and oxygen to reach developing
organism
 
Permits waste products to be carried away

Semi-permeable: Will not allow blood to pass through

U-shaped groove formed from ectoderm cells

This tube will become the brain and spinal cord

becomes nervous system and skin

becomes digestive system, lungs, urinary tract and glands.

becomes muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, and other internal organs

two eggs released into fallopian tube at the same time and are fertilized by different sperm.

originates from splitting in half of inner cell mass, resulting in development of genetically identical individuals

The outer cells, called the _______ provide nourishment and protection.

The inner cell mass, called the ______, eventually forms into the embryo.

By 4th day after conception, zygote arranges itself into a hollow sphere of cells, called the _____

Weeks 3-8
Arms, legs, face, organs, muscles all develop
Heart begins beating

Weeks 9-38
Growth and finishing period

Conception – 2 weeks
Fertilization of egg
Implantation of zygote

fertilized egg

the movement of cells from their point of origin to somewhere else in the embryo

results in the proliferation of cells

spontaneous abortion is also known as

the fetus decreases responses to repeated or continued stimulation, a simple form of learning called _____

___% or more of conceptions result in very early miscarriages

environmental agents that have the potential to cause harm during prenatal development.

Many agents cause damage only if exposure during a sensitive period in development

Most show a does-response relation

the impact of a given agent may not be apparent for many years

during pregnancy linked to retarded growth and low birth weight

is associated with mental retardation, facial deformity and other problems.

SIDS

exposed children have reported cognitive and social deficits

is suspected of affecting memory, learning, and visual skills after birth

dilation and effacement of the cervix transition

pushing, birth of the baby

delivery of the placenta

The apgar scale

and when is it tested?

Death during the first year after birth

infants weighing less than 5.5 pounds

LBW infants born at or before 35 weeks after conception

when birth weight is substantially less than norm for their gestational age

oxygen deprivation

6 stages of arousal:

an active sleep state assoc. w/ dreaming in adults; characterized by quick, jerky eye mvts under closed lids

a quiet or deep sleep state characterized by absence of motor activity or eye mvts and by regular, slow brain waves, breathing and heart rate

True/False

Hormones play a crucial role in sexual differentiation

All human fetuses can develop either male or female genitalia, depending on the presence or absence of testosterone
True False

transforms the embryo’s unspecialized stem cells into different types of cells (specialization)

genetically programmed cell death, also enables prenatal development

Areas near the head develop at a more rapid pace than those farther away

The head develops before the body

The hands develop before the feet.

_____ promotes the normal development of the palate and aids in the maturation of the digestive system.

Prenatal visual experience is negligible.

Fetus experiences tactile stimulation as a result of its own activity, and tastes and smells the amniotic fluid.

It responds to sounds from at least the 6th month of gestation.

T/F
Newborn infants have been shown to recognize rhymes and stories presented before birth.

Newborns also prefer smells, tastes, and sound patterns are familiar because of prenatal exposure.
True False

Can reduce risk of ____ by

Not smoking

Putting babies to sleep on their backs rather than their stomachs

Using firm mattresses and no pillows as bedding

Avoiding wrapping infants in lots of blankets or clothing.

T/F

The age, nutrition, disease, and emotional state of the mother have an impact on prenatal development.
True False

Many aspects of the birth experience have _____ and increase the likelihood of survival for newborn.

T/F
All cultures pursue the dual goals of safeguarding the survival and health of the mother and child and ensuring the social integration of the new person.
True False

______ are associated with high rates of infant mortality

Isolette
Respirator
Feeding tube
Intravenous medication
Special infant stimulation
Infant massage
kangaroo care
Parent training

successful development in the face of multiple developmental hazards

brain activity during REM sleep in the fetus and newborn makes up for natural deprivation of external stimuli and facilitates
the early dvpmt of visual system.

Constitutes 50% of newborn’s total sleep time

Declines rapidly to only 20% by 3 or 4 years of age

include swaddling, involve moderately intense and continuous or repetitive stimulation.

Parents should seek social support and relief from frustration- and remember that ___typically ends w/in a few months.