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Which energy producing process is thought to have come first during cellular evolution?
Glycolysis
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RNA is believed to have been the initial genetic system because it can...
self replicate
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Biological membranes are selectively permeable to control and maintain a cell's internal composition. These types of molecules are able to freely diffuse:
Small uncharged molecules
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How many different amino acids comprise the triplet code
20
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This model system is most ideal for investigating plant genetics and biology
Arabidopsis thaliana
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Energy yielding reactions are coupled to ATP ______, which energy-requiring reactions are coupled to ATP ____.
Synthesis, Hydrolysis
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Starting with DNA from a single sperm, how many copies of a specific gene sequence will be obtained after 10 cycles of PCR amplification? After 30 cycles?
1024, 1 billion
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The most common method of DNA sequencing is based on premature termination of DNA synthesis by inclusion of _______
Dideoxynucleotides
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Phospholipids in a membrane commonly
mover laterally in the plane of the bilayer AND rotate within the bilayer
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Eukaryotic cell nuclei contain genes that are
partly archaebacterial and partly eubacterial in origin
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The bulk of dry mass of a cell are these kinds of molecules
proteins
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Feedback inhibition is an example of this mechanism for controlling enzyme activity
Allosteric Regulation
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The lock and key & induced-fit models are two alternative models that can explain how enzyme and substrates interact. These two models can be distinguished from one another according to changes in ______
Substrate and enzyme shape as binding occurs
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Channels form pores through which molecules of appropriate size and charge can cross a membrane whereas carrier proteins
selectively bind small molecules to be transported, change configuration, and release it on the other side
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Which of the following organelles will be concentrated in the first pellet produced by differential centrifugation
Nuclei
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When cytosine and guanine interact within the DNA molecule, they form
three hydrogen bonds
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Trypsin and a D residue in a functionally critical location that is able to form an ionic bond with which amino acids during polypeptide cleavage?
K or R
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What is the best technique for looking at overall gene expression within cells?
PCR? or Microarray?
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In phospholipids, which of the following is NOT a common structural component?
cholesterol
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Restriction endonucleases are enzymes that
cleave DNA only at specific sequences
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_____ is the degradation of mRNA by short complementary dbl-stranded RNA molecules
RNA Interference
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Addition or deletion of one or two nucleotides in the coding part of a gene produces a nonfunctional protein, whereas addition or deletion of three nucleotides often results in a protein with nearly normal function. Explain
Alter reading frame so many incorrect amino acids vs only one
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Here is a 6 amino acid peptide: LETWQN. What are the residue names?
- L: Leucine
- E: Glutamic Acid
- T: Threonine
- W: Tryptophan
- Q: Glutamine
- N: Asparagine
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Saccarides can form 3 kinds of glycosidic bonds. What are they AND what structure do they produce in eukaryotic systems?
- alpha 1,4: glycogen/starch
- alpha 1,6: branching of glycogen / starch
- beta 1, 4: cellulose
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What is the evidence contradicting the central dogma of molecular biology? Explain
Retroviruses have RNA genomes. When retroviruses infect hosts, a DNA copy is synthesized by reverse transcriptase. The central dogma is modified because RNA-> DNA
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Provide 6 functional forms of nucleic acids
- DNA
- RNA
- mRNA
- tRNA
- rRNA
- microRNA
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Transmembrane proteins are generally water soluble. Why do you think this is the case?
The membrane spanning portion of transmembrane proteins are hydrophobic/non-polar amino acids that are dissolved in the lipid bilayer of the membrane. These portions are not soluble in water, therefore the whole protein is insoluble.
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List 3 significant differences that distinguish prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells.
- Prokaryotes: No nucleus, small circular DNA, no organelles, no cytoskeleton
- Eukaryotes: Nucleus, large linear DNA, organelles, cytoskeleton
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If thymine makes up 22% of the bases in a given double stranded DNA molecule, what percentage is made up of cytosines?
28%
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Name 3 key components necessary for PCR
- Taq polymerase
- Nucleotides
- Template
- Primer
- Thermocycler
- Mg2+
- Buffer
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Why do scientists believe chloroplasts and mitochondria resemble bacteria
Have their own DNA, own ribosomes, reproduce by simple binary fusion, same size
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The human body is composes of more than __ different cell types
200
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Give an example of protein secondary structure
?
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The better you do, the more __ you have
opportunities
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