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Cellular adaptation
- atrophy
- hypertrophy
- hyperplasia
- metaplasia
- dysplasia
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cell injury and death
- causes of cell injury
- mechanisms of cell injury
- reversible cell injury and death
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cellular adaptation definition
adapt to change in internal environment
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adaptation includes changes in cell.....
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cellular adaptation changes in cell may lead to.....
- atrophy
- hypertrophy
- hyperplasia
- metaplasia
- dysplasia
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atrophy
- decreased cell size
- "with out feeding/nourishment"
- disuse atrophy - due to denervation, lack of use, poor nutrition, eschemia- lack of blood flow
- skeletal muscle - lack of activity so become smaller
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hypertrophy
- increased cell size
- "above/beyond feeding/nourishment"
- working out - skeletal muscle
- cardiac muscle - cardiac failure due to increase blood pressure (pathophys condition)
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hyperplasia
- increased cell number
- "above/beyond to form"
- endocrine cells - prostate gland enlarges - due to continuous hormonal stim
- gastrointestinal tract
- only not going to occur in adult cells - like nerve cells
- skin cells can undergo hyperplasia (ie calluses)
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metaplasia
- change from one adult cell type to another
- "to form beyond"
- smoking - chronically irritate so change cilliated columnar cells to squamous cells, purpose to protect themselves (not normal fx)
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dysplasia
- cells of varying size, shape, and organization in a specific tissue
- "to form against, faulty, difficulty"
- faulty change, precancerous condition, change to chronic stimulus
- ie papsmear - cervical cancer due to virus to change cell size and shape, often precancerous condition
- barretts esophagus - chronic irritation of acid in esophagus - can develop cancer
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adaptive changes help cells survive
- if don't adapt, then causes death of cell
- cell adapt depends on cell location, type of cell
- cells accumulate substances (ie lipids, calcium)
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cell injury and death
- cell injury may be reversible or irreversible
- adaptation depends on severity of injury , depends on O2 and nutrition, blood supply
- death and regeneration are ongoing
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Causes of cell injury
- physical agents
- radiation injury
- chemical injury
- biological agents
- nutritional imbalances
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