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What are a few of the different methods to gathering information?
- observation
- case study
- interview method
- experiment
- correlational research quasi experiment
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What are naturalistic observations?
when things are studied in their own environment
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normative information (def)
the natural age that different behaviors emerge
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What are structured observations?
observations that occur in labs or clinical settings
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What is one downfall to a case study?
they rely a lot on past memory and events that are not always complete or accurate
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What are some components to Piaget's clinical method?
- a type of case study
- combines observations with careful questioning
- the reply to a question determines the next question
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interview method (def)
a "self-report" strategy where the subject is questioned in-depth
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manipulation (def)
to manage or influence
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What are a few components of experimentation?
- manipulation
- independent and dependent variables
- experimental and control groups
- random sampling
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What is the main goal of correlational research?
to determine the degree or strength of a relationship and the direction between the two variables
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What is longitudinal design
repeated observation of the same subject over an extended period of time
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what is cross-sectional design
examines subjects of different ages at one point in time
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what is the cohort effect?
historical effect on people of different ages
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what is a mixed design
repetitive testing over a short period of time with an experimental component
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What are a few rights that people have when it comes to the ethics of researching child development
- right to debriefing/counseling
- right to confidentiality
- right to prevention of harm
- right to withdraw at any time
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what is classical conditioning
teaching a response by repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus that does not cause a reflexive response with a natural meaningful stimulus that does cause a response so that the neutral stimulus elicits a reflexive response
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Who was a huge proponent of classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov and his dogs
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who did studies on baby Albert
John Watson
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Who brought up the idea of behaviorism
B.F. Skinner
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what is behaviorism
focus is on observable behavior (not thoughts or feelings). Behavior is shaped through punishment and reinforcement
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what is operant conditioning
spontaneous behavior is either strengthened or weakened depending on whether it is reinforced by a reward or discouraged by punishment
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Who came up with the Social Cognitive Theory
Albert Bandura
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What is the social cognitive theory
- children learn by observation, imitation, and modeling
- reinforcement and punishment are very important
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what is observational learning
a process in which an individual learns new responses by observing the behavior of another rather than through direct experience
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what is modeling
a person who engages in (usually new) behavior that is observed and imitated by another person
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What is self-efficacy
the belief that one can master a particular situation and bring a favorable outcome
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Who came up with psychosexual theory
Sigmund Freud
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according the Freud what are our two main drives
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accordinging the Freud what are the three parts of the personality
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(Freud) what is the id
basic instincts that must be controlled (sex and aggression)
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(Freud) what is the ego
practicial, rational part (external)
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(Freud) what is the superego
conscience, or mediator between ego and id
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(Freud) what are the 5 stages of psychosexual development
- oral
- anal
- phallic
- latency
- genital
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(Freud) what can cause maladjustment
a child getting "fixated" in one stage
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What are the three examples of defense mechanisms (Freud)
- repression
- regression
- rationalization
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(Freud) what is the definition of defense mechanisms
unconscious way that the "ego" deals with anxiety
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repression (def)
blocking
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regression (def)
resorting to immature behavior
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rationalization (def)
finding "valid" reasons for an inappropriate behavior
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Who came up with Psychosocial theory
Erik Erikson
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definition of psychosocial theory
8 developmental stages when the self and society interact to resolve conflicts and disharmony
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What are the 8 stages of the psychosocial theory
- trust vs. mistrust
- automy vs. shame
- initiative vs. guilt
- industry vs. inferiority
- intimacy vs. isolation
- generativity vs. stagnation
- ego integrity vs. despair
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cognitive theories (def)
emphasize the mental processes by which knowledge is acquired, elaborated, retrieved, and used to solve problems
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Who came up with the idea that children develop mental structures which help them coordinate and organize information in a systematic way
Jean Piaget
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(piaget) what is another word for mental structures
schemes or schemata
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what does assimilation mean
put into the existing/same schema
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what does accommodation mean
put into a new schema
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What are the 4 stages of Piaget's theory
- sensorimotor
- preoperational
- concrete operational
- formal-operational
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What are two forms of adaption
- assimilation
- accommodation
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what is the sensorimote stage
sense adn motor skills/reflexes
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what is the preoperational stage
- prelogical thought, use of some symbols
- can't mentally reverse; can't do operations
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what is the concrete operational stage
- can do operations
- mentally combine, transform, or seperate info mentally in a logical way
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what is the formal operational stage
- abstract thought
- hypothical- deducative reasoning
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Who came up with sociocultural theory
Les Vygotsky
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What is the sociocultural theory
children learn in a fultural context through social interaction
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what is scaffolding
an instructional process in which the teacher continually adjusts the amount and type of support she offers as the child develops in skill
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What is the Zone of Prozimal Development
the area between what a chld can do on their own and what they could do with help
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