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What are the functions of blood?
- The functions of blood is to transport gas exchange, delivery of nutrients, hormones, and heat and waste material. It also protects the immune respone (WBC's & antibodies), and blood clotting (platelets).
- Regultion fluid regulation and buffering.
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How would you describe the composition and physical characteristics of whole blood?
- Whole blood is made up of plasma & formed elements.
- Plasma: made up of ground substance ->90% H20, 9% of plasma proteins, MAJOR=Albumin, Fibronogen (blood clots, produced by liver), globulins, 1% other.
- Formed Elements: Erythrocyte, leukocyte, thrombocyte.
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What type of tissue is blood? Why is it classified in this matter?
- Blood is defined as a LIQUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE.
- -Plasma: liquid ground substance
- -Formed elements: cells
- -Lacks true fibers except when clotting
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What cells are found in whole blood?
Erythrocytes (RBC), Thrombocytes (platelets), Leukocytes (WBC)
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What are the types of Leukocytes (WBC's)?
Granulocytes and Agranulcytes
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What are the names of Granulocyes in leukocytes?
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils
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What are the names of Agranulocyes in leukocytes?
Lymphocytes, and Monocytes
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Describe the structure of erythrocytes?
- Cell: concave disc (gas exchange, flexible=spectrin "net")
- Anucleate & almost no organelles
- High (hemoglobin) in cytoplasm
- Use anaerobic metabolism for ATP production.
- No protein synthesis or mitosis.
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What is the functional portion of erythrocyte in Hemoglobin (Hb)?
- Globins-four protein chains/erthrocyte
- -2 alpha+2 beta=adult
- -2 alpha+2 gamma=fetal
- Heme
- -1 per globin chain
- -each houses one iron molecule
- -each iron molecule binds one O2 molecule.
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Describe the function of erythrocytes?
The function of RBC's are to transport respiratory gases from O2 from the lungs to tissue, & CO2 from tissues to lungs.
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What protein is essential for erythrocytes to transport respiratory gases?
Hemoglobin
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What ion is important for erythrocytes to transport respiratory gases?
Iron
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Based on hemoglobin's structure how many
O2 molecules can be carries per hemoglobin molecule?
4, has no more than 4 molecules
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Describe the production of erythrocytes?
- Erythropoiesis=growth/development of RBC's
- most parts occur in the red bone marrow.
- HEMOCYTOBLAST-> Proerythroblast -> Early erythroblast -> Late erythroblast -> Normoblast -> Reticulocyte -> Erythrocyte
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How long does an fully mature erythrocyte cell live?
100-120 days
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How many cells/second are produced in a healthy person?
2 million
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How long does it take for regulation of erythropoiesis when there is an imbalance in homeostasis?
15-20 days to replace homeostasis balance.
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Where is (EPO) Erythropoietin produced?
Produced by the renal & liver cells.
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Stimulating (EPO) erythropoietin incresases the rate of what?
Proerythroblasts maturation- to produce more erythrocytes to ex. increase O2 levels which is stimulated by the kidneys.
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What steps are required to form RBC's?
- 1.Gastroferritin-binds in stomach and transports it to intestine for absorption into blood.
- 2.Transferrin-binds in blood for transport
- 3.Apoferrin-in liver binds to create ferritin for storage.
- Vitamin B12 and folic acid=DNA synthesis
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What separate the heme from globin in the spleen & liver?
Macrophases
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What is the the chemical compostiton of hemoglobin.
Hemoglobin, the red coloring pigment flowing in our body is a complex compound. It has one iron to each heme totally 4.
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What is caused by uncontrolled blood loss?
Treated with blood transfusion.
Hemorrhagic anemia- acute or chronic
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What is caused by RBC lysis or rupture? Treatment depends on cause.
- Hemolytic anemia- check vit. B12 level.
- Hemoglobin abnormalities
- Transfusion reaction
- Bacterial/parasitic infections
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What is caused by the destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow? Treated with blood transfusions or bone marrow transplants?
- Aplastic anemia- plastic=r/t cancer.
- Radiation
- Drugs/chemicals
- Virues
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What us accompanied by renal disease? Caused by renal cell death and loss of erythropoietin production? Treated with synthetic erythropoietin?
Renal anemia
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What is caused by inadequate intake iron containing foods, inadequate iron absorption, "dilution" effects. Results in small pale RBC=microcytes. Treated with iron supplements.
Iron-deficiency anemia
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What is caused by a deficiency in vitamin B12 due to an autoimmune attack of the of the stomach mucosa. Results in large immature RBC=macrocytes. Treated with vitamin B12 supplements.
Pernicious anemia
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What is caused by faulty globin chain=fragile hemoglobin. Classified according to the affected globin chain.
Thalassemias anemia (abnormal hemoglobin)
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What is caused by HbS protein (beta chain). HbS polymerizes and becomes a gel under low oxygen conditions. RBC's become pointed & sickle. Loss in flexibility & stick in small vessels that causes pain, kidney failure, and strokes?
Sickle-cell anemia
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What is it called when you have too many erythrocytes?
Polycythemia
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What is the bone marrow disease that leads to an abnormal increase in the number of blood cells (primarily red blood cells).
Polycythemia vera
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What is the proportion of blood volume that is occupied by red blood cells?
Hematocrit
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What are the normal hematocrit levels?
men 42%-52%; women 37%-48%.
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What is the concentration of whole blood?
Hemoglobin
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What is the normal hemoglobin levels?
men 4.6%-6.2%, women 4.2%-5.4%
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Are values lower in men or women?
- Women-they have periodic menstrual losses, % body fat
- Men-have testosterone stimulate RBC production.
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What is it called when blood has decreased oxygen carrying capacity?
Anemina
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What are the general signs due to an underlying disease?
- Fatigue
- short of breath
- cold extremities
- pale
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What is the cause of an underlying disease?
- low erythrocytes
- low hemoglobin
- abnormal hemoglobin
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What are the classes of leukocytes?
T cells, B cells, NK cells
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What include neutrophils, bascophils, and eosinophils?
Granulocytes
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Agranulocyes include what?
Monocytes and lympocytes
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What is the most common WBC?
the Neutrophil
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What may be caused by acute infection?
Leukocytosis
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What defends against parasitic worm infections?
Eosinophils
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What are lymphocytes?
Lymphocytes - a type of infection-fighting white blood cell - are vital to an effective immune system. Lymphocytes "patrol" the body for infectious microorganisms
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What are the two major groups of lymphocytes which recognize and attack infectious microorganisms.
B and T cells
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Other types of white blood cells, such as _______ (engulfing cells) and ________ (natural killer cells), actually kill the infectious microorganism by "devouring" it.
- 1. Phagocytes (engulfing cells) and
- 2. Cytotoxic cells (natural killer cells)
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Can leukocytes escape (diapedesis) the blood vessels and go into the tissuse?
Yes
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What are the two subcategories of leukocytes?
Granulocytes and Agrannulocytes
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What is the Granulocytes: Neutrophils morphology?
- -Nucleus
- 3-5 lobes connected by thin stands
- Has other shapes (bands or stabs)
- -Cytoplasm contains light purple granules
- (Multilobed nucleus)
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What is the function of the neutophils?
- Bacterial Destruction
- -Phagocytosis-eat cells & bacteria
-Release granules (degranulate) to destory bacteria - -Respiratory burst=lysis
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What are the classes/list of leukocytes?
- 1.Neurtophils
- 2. eosinophils
- 3. basophils
- 4. lymphocyes
- 5. monocytes
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Which leukocyte is most abundant and has biggest population?
Neutrophils-50%70% WBC's
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What is the morphology of eosinophils?
- -Nucleus has two connected lobes
- -Granules are large, very abundant & pink/red
- (bilobed nucleus, red cytoplasmic granules)
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What is the function of the eosinophils?
- -Degranulate to destroy parasites
- -Play a role in allergic responses, asthma & inflammoatory response
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What is the morphology of basophils?
- -Nucleus usually obsured by granules but can be U or S shaped
- -Granules dark purple and very abundant
- (bilobed nucleus, purplish-black cytoplasmic granules)
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What is the function of the basophil?
- The function of the basophil is to release histamine--Heparin secretion
- -Vasodilator
- -Chemotactant
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What is the morphology of the lymphocyte?
- -Nucleus: Very large spherical nucleus; can be bent on one side; stains dark
- -Few visable granules
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What is the function of the lymphocyte?
- "Non-self" cell destruction (cancer, viral infection, foreign cells)-Help other immune cells
- -Make antibodies
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What is the Morpholohy of the monocyte?
- -Largest of WBC
- -Nucleus is kidney/S-shaped
- -cytoplasm small volume & contains few granules
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What is the function of monocytes?
- -Diferentiate into macrophages=Phagocytosis (devour/eat/cell)
- -Help other immune cells.
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What are the steps of leukocytes differentiation?
- Hemocytoblast (mother of stem stells)-> 2 lineages (families)
- Leukopoeisis:
-Myeloid=granular & monocytes-Lymphoid=lymphocytes "Families" mature in response to: - -Immune challenges
- -Colony stimulation factor (CSF)
- -Interleukins (IL-1.....IL25!)
- Red bone marrow stores granulocytes & monocytes until needed
- Lymphocytes develop in the marrow but move to other areas for complete maturation
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Leukocyte disorders: what does leukpenia mean? what does leukocytosis mean?
- Leukopenia=low WBC
- Leukocytosis=high WBC
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What is an example of a leukocye: _______ condition?
- Cancerous conditions of the leukocyte poplulation which often results in metastasis
- -cell dicides & reproduces abnoramlly with uncontrolled growth.
- -metastasis: cell can break away & travel to other parts of the body & set up another cancer site.
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What types of Leukemia are there?
- Myeloid-severely elevated granulocytes
- Lymphoid-severely elevated mono or leukocytes
- Acute-sudden onset, rapid progression & death
- Chronic-slwo to develop & progress, death in ~3yrs
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What are symptoms in Leukemia?
- -Deficiency of mature WBC while immure are elevated-anemia
- -frequent infections
- -abnormal weight loss
- -bruising easily
- -easily fatigue with minimal exertion
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What is the treatment of leukemia?
Chemotherapy, bone marrow transplant & Control side-effects.
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Describe the morpholoy of the thrombocytes/platelets?
- Cell fragment from megakaryocyte:
- -very small
- -blue cytoplasm
- -no nuclues
- -purple granules
- Granules specialized for clotting & chemotaxis (how a cell response, to be attracted to that site).
- -Live ~10days
- -most are housed in the spleen
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What are the platelet functions?
- Secrete:
- -vasoconstrictors
- -pro-coagulants
- -chemotatic agents (how a cell response to be attracted to that site) for neutrophils.
- -growth factors for fibroblast and myoblasts
- Form platelet plug
- Dissolve "old" clots (Thrombolytic-"clot" "break")
- Phagocytosis of bacteria
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What are the differentiation of platelets?
- Hemocytoblast: (mother of stem cells): display receptor for thrombopeisis-(making platelets)
- -"make" megakaroblast- DNA replication w/o cell division, REALLY BIG nucleus
- -megakaryocyte (bone marrow)- HUGE, multilobed nucleus, Lots of chromosomes, housed in bone barrow.
- -fragments (platelets) spleen-small areas of cell membrane+cytoplasm pinch off=platelets-> to spleen.
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_____, _____, & _____, are steps in platelet hemostasis?
- 1. Vascular spasm
- 2. Platelet plug
- 3. Coagulation
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Describle the process of hemostasis?
- 1.Vascular spasm-smooth muscle contracts causing vasoconstriction.
- 2. Platelet plug formation- Injury to lining of vessel exposes collagen fibers; platelet adhere.
- -platelets release chemicals that make nearby platelets stickly; platelet plug forms.
- 3. Coagulation-Fibrin forms a mesh that traps RBC's & platelets, forming the clot.
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What are the factors that limit or prevent clot formations?
- Inhibition of thrombin-Dilution, Restriction to clot site, Inactivated by Antithrombin III & Protein C
- Heparin- Secreted by basophils & mast cells, Blocks(formation of prothromin activator, action of thrombin on fibrinogen), Promotes action of antithrombin III
- Prostacyclin coat- On inner surface of blood vessels, non-stick coat for platelets
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What are some disorders of hemostatsis?
- Thrombus- stationary, impairs blood flow-> tissue damage
- Embolus- free floating in circulation
- Embolism-"stuck" embolus-> blocked blood flow, named by location, damage relative to vessel size & location.
- Triggered by: rough vessel walls, sluggish blood flow
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