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Explain the roles of the skin & mucos membranes in providing defenses against pathogens
They play the role of Surface Barriers as the First Line of defense against invaders
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Describe the different types of phagocytes.
- Ingest and destroy foreign cells and matter
- Macrophages
- Neutrophils: get rid of bacteria
- Eosinophils: get rid of parasites
- Mast Cells
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Describe the role of Natural Killer (NK) cells.
Attack non-self cells (cancer cells-secrete preforins & granzymes) & virus cells (-secrete interferon)
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What are the Inflammatory response signals.
- Redness (Erythema)
- Heat
- Swelling (Edema)
- Pain
- Loss of Function
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Explain an Inflammatory response.
- 1. Vasodilation (brings in more leukocytes)-heat, swelling, redness
- 2. Increse in blood vessel Permeability-increase swelling more & PAIN!
- 3. Mobilize Phagocytes (chemotaxis)-increse swelling even more & PAIN!
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What is the process involved in phagocyte mobilization?
- 1. Leukocytosis (more leukocytes)
- 2. Margination (adhere to side of capillary wall)
- 3. Diapedisis ("walk"/move along capillary wall)
- 4. Chemotaxis (traveling of phagocytes to localized area)
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List the inflammatory chemicals and discuss their functions
- Histamine & Seratonin cause blood vessels near wound
- to constrict
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List the antimicrobial proteins and describe their function.
Interferons (a, b, g-activate MAC cells) & Complement (classical & alternative-activate MAC cells). Attack microorganisms directly and stop reproduction of pathogens
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Explain how fever helps protect the body.
Caused by the body's release of chemicals that stimulate the action of WBCs (first line of defense) by increasing the body's temperature
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Inflammatory Process: Kinins
- Vascular Permeability (molecule with greatest inflammatory response)
- Vasodilation
- Pain
- Chemotaxis
- NO Clotting
- NO Fever
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Inflammatory Process: Interlukins
- Vascular Permeability
- NO Vasodilation
- NO Pain
- NO Chemotaxis
- Clotting (stimulates platelet production)
- Fever
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Inflammatory Response:Histamine
- Vascular Permeability
- NO Vasodilation
- NO Pain
- NO Chemotaxis
- NO Clotting
- NO Fever
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Inflammarory Response:Thrombin
- Vascular Permeability
- NO Vasodilation
- NO Pain
- NO Chemotaxis
- Activates Clotting
- NO Fever
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Inflammatory Process: Complement
- NO Vascular Permeability (only molecule w/o permeability)
- NO Vasodilation
- NO Pain
- Chemotaxis
- NO Clotting
- NO Fever
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Inflammartoy Process: Tumor Necrosis Factors (TNFs)
- Vascular Permeability
- NO Vasodilation
- NO Pain
- NO Chemotaxis
- Clotting (stimulates platelet production)
- NO Fever
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What is the relationship between capillaries & lymphatic vessels?
Capillaries feed into collecting vessels->feed into trunks->blind sacs close contact with capillaries->protein free fluid is absorbed->fluid moves into BUT NOT OUT OF lymph capillary->enter lymphatic system
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How does the lymph normally flow?
The lymph flows upward to empty into large veins of the neck.
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Where are the majority of B cells?
B cells are found in the Spleen & Lymph Nodes.
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Where are the majority of T cells?
T cells are found in the Thymus.
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What is the structure & function of the Spleen?
- Structure: Located in left hypochondriac region protected by ribcage
- HIGHLY VASCULAR
- Red Pulp (engourged with RBCs)
- White Pulp (lymphocyte & macrophage group)
- Function: RBC Production
- Removes old RBCs & platelets from blood
- Stores platelets & recycled RBC waste
- Interaction site for lymphocytes & antigens
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What is the struture & function of the Thymus?
- Structure: Located between aortic arch & superior mediastinum (right above the main artery invisible on adults)
- Function: Influences the martuation of immature lymphocytes into mature T cells
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What is the MALT & why is its location important to its function?
Mucosae-associated lymphatic tissue. It is located in areas of body that are vulnerable to invasion by pathogenic bacteria.
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The main protein in blood plasma is____
Albumin constitutes about 60% of plasma protein.
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What part of the body does erythropoietin (EPO) target to increase erythropoiesis?
Bone Marrow
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What part of the hemoglobin molecule is recycled to form bile?
A portion of the heme group
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Which formed element can be described as cytoplasmic fragments?
Platelets
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In adults, RBC production occurs in _____.
Red bone marrow is the site of erythrocyte production.
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These three can stimulate erythrocyte production:
- 1) a drop in normal blood O2 levels
- 2) testosterone
- 3) erythropoietin
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_________ results from a vitamin B12 deficiency
Pernicious anemia
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On a blood smear slide prepared using Wright's stain, you observe a large cell with a U-shaped nucleus and pale blue cytoplasm. This cell is most likely a(n)______.
Monocyte
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Athletes who choose to use industry-produced EPO as a performance-enhancing drug to increase the effects of their naturally-produced EPO, will experience _______.
decreased production of EPO by their kidneys. (powerful hormone secreted by kidneys)
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What are three functional characteristics of leukocytes?
- 1) amoeboid motion
- 2) diapedesis
- 3) positive chemotaxis
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A person who lacks agglutinogens A and B would have blood type ____.
O
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What are the three formed elements of the blood/red bone marrow?
- 1) erythrocytes (RBCs)
- 2) leukocytes (WBCs)
- 3) platelets (fragments)
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What are the two most abundant components of whole blood, in order from most abundant and second-most abundant, are _______. (think about tube after removed from centrifuge)
Plasma, erythrocytes
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A test tube of blood goes unused in the lab, and the stagnant blood coagulates. This is due to which pathway of blood clotting?
Intrinsic pathway
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In the lab, the tech determines the pt's blood type. Pt's blood agglutinates in anti-A antibodies, but has no reaction in anti-B or anti-D antibodies. What is the pt's blood type?
A-
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Besides the HCT, what other component of blood could be measured to give a better understanding of O2-carrying capacity?
Hemoglobin encourages the transportation of O2 to organs in the body.
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What are the differences between non-specific & specific immunity?
- Non-specific:
- Respond to any “non-self" cell
- Rapid response
- No memory developed
- Specific:
- Recognize then destroy specific antigens
- Delayed response
- Memory developed
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What is an antigen?
ANY substance that can initiate an immune response (NON SELF)
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What are antigenic determinant?
- Surface proteins found on antigens that allow Antibody & activated lymphocyte binding.
- One antigen can have 100 determinants.
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Describe clonal selection of B-cells.
- Primary Immune Response
- –First exposure of immunocompotent B-cell to a single antigen in lymph or blood
- -Activates B-cell through surface receptor binding
- –Begins clonal selection of B-cells
- •Cell division (expansion)
- •All cells have IDENTICAL surface receptor
- –Memory B-cell is made
- –“Cloned” B-cells differentiate into plasma cells & produce antigen specific antibodies
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Describe differentiation of B-cells.
- Secondary Immune Response
- –Second exposure to SAME antigen
- –Memory B cells are activated through surface receptor binding
- •Cell division
- •All cells have IDENTICAL surface receptor
- –Differentiation of B-cells to plasma cells
- –Antigen specific antibodies are made
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Compare and contrast primary & secondary immune responses.
- Primary Immune Response:
- Activates B-cell thru surface receptor binding
- Clonal selection of B-cell
- B-cells differentiate into plasma & antigen specific antibodies
- Lag time: 3-6 days, Peak ~10 days
- Secondary Immune Response:
- Activates MEMORY B-cell thru surface receptor binding
- No clonal selection
- B-cells differentiate into plasma & antigen specific antibodies
- Lag time: 12 hrs, Peak 2-3 days
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What is the difference between Active Immunity & Passive Immunity?
- Active= body mounts immune response
- –Natural = due to normal exposure to infectiveagents
- –Artificial = vaccine
- Passive= person given preformed antibodies
- –Natural = mother to fetus/infant
- –Artificial = injection
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Describe the structure of an antibody.
- –4 protein chains (2 heavy & 2 light)
- –Variable regions has antigen binding site with variable protein structure
- –Constant regions allows two or more antibodies to bind together or to cell surface
- –Complement binding sites found ONLY on heavy chain constant region
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What are the 5 classes of antibodies?
- (MADGE)
- IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE
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What are the functions of the 5 classes?
- IgM: first to peak during a primary immune response
- IgA: protects mucosal barriers
- IgD: along with IgM, this is a B-cell receptor
- IgG: Main antibody of both primary and secondary immune response
- IgE: Involved in allergies
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What are the similarities & differences between CTLs & NK cells?
- •CTL is MHC restricted for activation
- •NK cells DO NOT express antigen specific receptors
- •CTLs make memory cells but NKs don’t
- •Both use perforins & granzymes to cause cell death
- •NKs recognize target cells by two receptor model
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What is the cause & cellular physiology of Graft Rejection?
- Caused by a cell mediated immune response to MHCs on the graft tissue.
- •Sensitization stage
- –T-cells respond & activate
- –Major APC is dendritic cell from graft
- •Effector stage
- –CTLs & NKs cause cell lysis
- –Flooding of graft with cytokines
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What is the cause and cellular physiology of Acute Hypersensitivities?
- Caused by an allergic reaction
- •Sensitization stage
- –Antigen exposure
- –B-cell differentiates to plasma cell that secretes IgE
- –IgE binds to mast cells & basophils (becomes fixed)
- •Secondary Response
- –More antigen invades body
- –Antigen binds fixed IgE
- –Mast cells & basophils DEGRANULATE
- –Histamine is released
- •Vasodilation & fluid release
- •Mucus production
- •Bronchioles constrict
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What is the link among the non-specific & specific imune system?
Both go thru the same process of attacking the antigen, however the non-specific immune system has a shorter time span and does not create a memory t-cell. The specific immune system is a longer process, however it creates memory t-cells
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