AP CH 1

• Investigates structures visible to the unaided eye though:
• ---Systemic anatomy
• ---Regional anatomy
• ---Surface anatomy
• ---Comparative anatomy
• ---embryology

subset of gross anatomy: studies the anatomy of each functional body system

subset of gross anatomy: examines all of the structures in a particular region of the body

subset of gross anatomy: focuses on superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures

subset of gross anatomy: examines similarities and differences in anatomy of different species

subset of gross anatomy: studies developmental changes from conception to birth

the functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and blood

the functioning of nerves and nervous system organs

the functioning of respiratory organs

Anatomy studies structure and form; physiology studies the function of body parts. Their study is intertwined.

• Involves atoms and molecules
• Macromolecules
• Organelles

• Consists of cells, the smallest living structures
• -----Formed from atoms and molecules from the chemical level

• Consists of tissues, groups of similar cells performing common functions
• Four types of tissues:
• -----epithelial tissue
• -----connective tissue
• -----muscle tissue
• -----nervous tissue

covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities

protects, supports, and binds structures and organs

produces movement

conducts nerve impulses

• Consists of organs, two or more tissue types performing specific functions
• -----e.g., the small intestine composed of all four tissue types, working to process and absorb digested nutrients

• Contains related organs that work together to achieve a common function
• -----e.g., organs of the digestive system working together to digest food, absorb nutrients, and expel waste products

• Highest level of structural organization
• All body functions working interdependently in an organism, the living being

• Hypertension
• Congestive Heart Failure
• Grave’s Disease
• Diabetes
• Ventricular Hypertrophy
• Polycystic Ovarian Disease
• Gigantism
• Dehydration

• Receptor
• Integrator
• Effector

-----ex: stretch receptors in heart and large blood vessels send information of an elevated or decreased BP to integrator

cardiac center in brainstem signals heart to increase or decrease

Heart rate increases (tachycardia) and BP increases

• A type of homeostatic control system that maintains the variable within a normal range
• If stimulus decreases, homeostatic control system activated to cause an increase in the stimulus
• Ex: body temp

• Moves the stimulus in the same direction
• Ex: breast feeding

• a physiological change leads to an even greater change in the same direction
• ex: blood clotting

On stomach

On back

the Standard frame of reference for anatomical descriptions and dissection

divides body into right and left halves

divides body into front & back portions

divides the body into upper & lower portions

• Cutaneous Membrane
• Synovial Membrane
• Mucous Membrane
• Serous Membrane

keratinized stratified epithelial tissue (skin)

membrane around joints composed of synoviocytes; secrete synovial fluid

lines body cavity that opens to exterior (digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive)

• Composed of two layers of epithelial tissue
• -----Parietal membrane
• -----Visceral membrane

Subset of serous membrane: peripheral

Subset of serous membrane: lines the organ