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What is Microbiology?
The study of microbes: Bacteria, Viruses, Protozoa, fungi, algae
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Why is Microbiology important?
- Health (germs)
- Commercial uses
- Vital to Environment/Ecosystem Health
- Research Health
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Who was the first person to see a microbe?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek with the first microscope in 1600
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What is spontaneous generation?
The belief that living organisms arise from non-living matter
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Who disproved spontaneous generation and when?
Redi, Louis Pasteur (mid/late 1800s)
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Describe Redi's simple experiment that disproved spontaneous generation?
Meat in jar, cover on top, flies still came, therefore not emerging directly from the meat.
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How did Pasteur disprove spontaneous generation?
- Broth sterilized by heat and air forced out of tube
- Microbes from the air could not enter and broth stayed sterile
- Flask tipped so air could center and broth became clouded with life
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Who invented the first vaccination?
Jenner (late 1700s): Smallpox vaccine
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What role did Pasteur play in vaccinations?
Used attenuated pathogens as vaccines in the late 1800s
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What is attenuated?
Weakened pathogen or microbe
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What was the name of the first person who survived rabies?
Joseph Mister due to Pasteur
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Who first saw the importance in aseptic techniques and when?
Semmelweis and Lister (mid/late 1800s)
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Where were aseptic techniques first done in the US?
1870 and 1800
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Who is Robert Koch?
Germ Theory of Disease, worked with pure cultures, Developed Koch's postulates to systematically identify pathogens
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What is Koch's postulate?
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When was the Golden Age of Microbiology? Why?
1870s-1920s. Most major disease and their pathogens causes identified
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Who discovered antibiotics and when?
Alexander Fleming, Penicillin 1920s
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What happened around 1960?
Naively thought battle against infectious disease had been won
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What are the new threats in microbiology?
- Emerging pathogens (H1N1, Avian Flu, E. coli 0157:H7)
- Reemerging Pathogens (Dengue virus, TB)
- Pathogen Resistance (MRSA, HIV, TB)
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What are covalent bonds?
Sharing pairs of electrons between atoms
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What is ionic bond formation?
- positive cation with negative anion
- electronegativitiy plays large role
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What happens during hydrogen bonding?
electromagnetic attractive interaction of a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom
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What kind of backbone do organic macromolecules have?
Carbon
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What are the four main types of organic macromolecules?
CHO, Lipids, PRO, and Nucleic Acids
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What are Carbohydrates?
CnH2nOn, Energy and Cell Structure
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What are monosaccharides and some examples?
Simple Sugars (DNA, RNA, and lipids)
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What happens during the formation of a CHO?
Dehydration synthesis rxn, Anabolism
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What happens during the breakdown of a CHO?
Hydrolysis breakdown rxn, catabolism
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What are fats?
Energy sources and storage (Glycerol & 3 attached fatty acids)
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What are phospholipids?
- Glycerol & 2 fatty acids, includes phosphate group
- Main component of biological membranes
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What are proteins?
Amino acids linked by peptide binds to form polypeptides
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What is the function of proteins?
Function as enzymes (catalysts), form many cell structures
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What is denaturation?
Loss of structure die to extreme temperature, pH change, chemical exposure
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