-
what could be a constrant?
- individual
- enviroment
- task
- psychological
-
-
what does the enviroment do for development?
encourage/discourage surrondings
-
what is the task?
performance
-
what is motor development?
1-> 2-> 3
- cumultive process- step by step
- rate= time/ stage - milestones
- sequential
-
what is motor development?
development of movement over time involving IET
-
what is motor learning?
gains due to practice and experience
-
what is motor control?
- nervous system control of movement
- CNS= brain, spinal cord, nerves
-
what development does the individual have?
- physical maturation
- physical growth
- aging
-
what is the newell approach?
- interaction of individual
- enviroment
- taske or purpose of movement
- over time these interactions lead to changes in movement
-
what are some types of research studies? 3
- longitudial
- cross sectional
- mixed longitudinal
-
what is longitudial study?
- over time
- same cohort/group with similar characteristics
- same task/behavior
- Adv. same group
- Dis. time consuming
-
what is cross sectional study?
disern development from different groups
- Adv. time, observe large groups
- Dis. do not directly observe change = assumption
-
who created the (maturation perspective) normative descriptive period?
what did they do?
- G.L Rarick
- Ruth Glassow
- Gesell
- McGraw
- compared kids
- and different age groups
- genetics and heredity
- go thru stages
-
what is the (maturation perspective) biomechanical descriptive period? - enviroment
WHO?
- biomechanics of movement
- contribution: age related changes in motor development
- WHO: Glassow
-
what thought of information processing?
Skinner and Bandura
-
what is information processing?
brain recieves info from enviroment
-
what is skinners stimulus response effect?
- learning thru stimulus and response bonds
- response reinforced= do again (appropiate only)
- increase likelihood of response
- continuous reinforcement = fastest learning
- to much reinforcement - wont try
- intermittant reiforcement - BEST
-
what is Banduras social learning triangle from top down ^
- learning
- enviromental influences
- behavioral influences
- cognitive influences
- observation of others = modeling
-
what are the necessary conditions for modeling in social learning perspective
- attention
- individual characteristics
- retention
- reproduction
- motivation
-
what is the ecological perspective? - task
WHO?
- dynamic approach
- motor control
- body driven
- movement = constrants of the body
- WHO: Newell
-
what is the perception approach?
WHO?
- verbal cues
- moved based on enviroment
- affordance - interaction between object and individual
- WHO: Gibson
-
who said movement is biologically determined "time clock" -maturation response
-
who said interaction between task, individual = ecological
Newell
-
who said brain recieves info from enviroment - processing
-
who said stimulus and response?
skinner
-
what is the enviroment?
unseen forces that govern our movements
-
what are some influences that go over constraints of movement that have to do with gravity?
- size and mass of individual
- shape and structure
- tendon length and laxity
- the goal
-
movement competency: why do we move?- What comes up must come down
- complete task
- pursue goal
- optimize performance
-
moving against gravity
moving against gravity when force
is used is what concept?
force, action and reaction concept
-
what is moving against gravity?
force
-
what is moving against gravity when force is used?
action and reaction
-
Newton had which laws?
- 1.law in motion:
- object at rest
- obejct in motion
- 2. force to move
- greater force
- 3. every action has a reaction
-
1st law of motion
object at rest =
rest- unless acted upon
-
1st law of motion
object in motion =
motion- unless acted upon
-
2nd law of motion
takes force to move something at ____
rest
-
2nd law of motion
greater force =
greater reaction
-
performance can be improved if force is applied over ______ distance
greater
-
performance can be improved by increasing the ____ of motion
range
-
what does experience offer an individual?
allows individual to reconize optimal range of motion
-
3rd law of action and reaction
to every action there is a equal and opposite ________
reaction
-
objects linear velocity =
rotational velocity x radius of rotation
-
laws of inertia
resistance to motion has to accomodate ____ and _____ length
mass and limb
-
open kinetic chain
maximal performance dependent on effecient sequence of ________?
movements
-
what does kinetic mean?
what does chain mean?
-
what are the rules of kinetic chain?
- 1. optimal sequence of movement
- 2. timing
-
what is stability?
ability to resist motion
-
what is balance?
ability to maintain equalibrium
-
what to do to decrease impact?
- increase amount of time
- increase the area
-
what is the center of gravity?
adding stability by keeping low and inside base of support
-
patterns of physical growth are largely _____ ?
general sequence
individual differences
genetic - weight, height
-
post natal what is the seqeunce?
what happens in the seqeunce?
growth-level-growth-level
enter sigmoid
-
normative descriptive period is what approach?
maturation
-
stages of growth for girls and boys?
-
what is APHV?
what does it mean?
- age at peek height velocity
- age at when changes from slow to fast growth
-
variables of growth refering to height
follow sigmoid pattern
_____ growth to ______ growth
boys stop getting tall when?
girls stop getting tall when?
-
variables of growth refereing to weight
sigmoid curve
greatly effected by what extrinsic factors?
- muscle
- amount of fat tissue
- diet
- diesease
-
what is relative growth?
refers to growth patterns of different organs and tissues
-
how do growth patterns affect performance?
- balance
- coordination
- speed
-
what is physiological maturation?
development process leading to state of full function
-
physical maturation is a structural constraint that can be a powerful predictor of _______
performance
-
development of secondary sex characteristics effects what?
performance
-
other entrinsic factors that effect growth and development?
-
what are some entrinsic factors of aging?
- diet
- exercise
- fat gain
- muscle loss
- osteoporosis
-
function of the skeletal system?
- levers of locomotion
- attatchment site for tendons
- protect vital organs
-
what is the foremost function of skeletal system?
support loads while resisting fracture
-
what is the axial bone?
includes flat bones such as skull, scapula, vertabrae and pelvis
-
what is appendicular?
comprises of all long bones including tibia, femur, humerous
-
what is cancellous tissue?
shock absorber
-
what is periostium?
connects to tendons
-
what is ossification in growth?
process of cartilage transformation to bone tissue
-
what are the two centers of ossification in growth?
- primary- midpoints of bones
- secondary- epiphyses bone structuring
-
what is modeling in growth?
building up
-
what is structural optimization in growth?
remodeling
-
what are cells of adaption?
- bone cells that are responsible for formation and maintence of bone
- regulate bone metabolism by communicating
- respond to stimuli in a process of modeling and remodeling
-
what is a osteoclast?
carry out reabsorbtion or removal of old damaged bone
-
what is an osteocyte?
a bone cell- formed when osteoblast becomes inbedded
-
what is osteoblast?
sensative cells responsible for communicating enviroment signals
-
what are brain timing cells?
surface of the tissue that sense strain
-
what are the types of bone?
- tabecular
- corticol
- endosteum
-
what is a tabecular bone?
- lattice-like
- highly poruous
- found on the end of long bones
- lacks ability to tolerate peak locations
-
what is a corticol bone?
- dense, calcified
- two surfaces: periostium and endiostiem
-
what is endosteum?
contains bone surface cells which carry out adaption
-
what is modeling is the skeletal system?
- adapts or alters its structure to accomodate to new stressors placed on it by influences
- ex) increase in muscle growth
- changes in body size
- lengthing of bones
-
modeling process involves ________ or ________ tissue to optomize bone geometry (size, shape, position)
-
what does modeling involve when osteoclast actitvation and bone removal or ________ actitvation and bone formation
osteoblast
-
when bones get wider -> __________ formation
osteoblast
-
what causes mechanical loading?-modeling
stressed, bone strains (bend) intiates activity of remodeling
-
what is remodeling?
- process in which the skeleton adapts to mechanical stimuli and repairs old or damaged tissue
- involves osteoclast and osteoblast - to produce and maintain
-
how long does remodeling take place?
120 days
-
what is sensation?
neural activty triggered by a stimulus
-
what is perception?
how we attach a meaning to the sensory stimuli
-
of the preceptual systems of sensory what is visual sensation?
acuity- sharpness of sight
-
of the preceptual systems of sensory what is auditory?
being able to sense where a sound is coming from
-
of the preceptual systems of sensory what is kinesthsis or proprioception?
- relating where body parts are
- position of body
- body movements
- nature of objects
-
what are the preceptual systems of sensory?
- visual sensation
- auditory
- kinesthesis or proprioception
-
differences of visual sensation between someone old and young?
- vision gets better for young
- vision gets worse for old
-
what is acuity?
sharpness of sight
-
what is the perception of 3D space?
-
what is retinal disparity?
each eye is responsible for picking up specific stimuli based on its position
-
what is motion parallax?
- nearer objects overlap
- move the distant one = better depth of view
-
what are perceptions of objects?
- size and shape
- time and experience
-
what is important for size and shape with perception of objects?
- edges and boundries
- from ground up or as a whole
-
what are the perceptions of motion?
-
the perception of motion becomes difficult for who?
older ppl
-
perception of motion is developed over time for who?
younger
-
what is the body sense?
- position of body parts
- position of body in space
- body movements
- nature in which objects come in contact with body
-
what is peroproception?
muscles, joints, ears, reflexes
-
what is tactile localization?
ability to identify where touch occurs with out weight
-
what is body awareness?
- reconizing body parts/dimensions of movement
- up/down
- side to side
-
what is lateral dominace?
preferred side of body
-
limb movements improve with what?
age
-
what is spatial orientation?
body locations and orientation in space
-
what is directionality?
used of vision and laterality to move
-
what is hyperplasia?
increase in the number of muscle cells
-
what is hyperytrophy?
increase in muscle size cell
-
what do our muscles do as we grow?
grow in diameter and length
-
amount of increase in muscle fiber diameter is related to ______ of muscles activity during growth
intensity
-
muscles increase in length as skeleton grows because of the addition of ________
sarcomeres
-
what is sarcomeres?
contractile units of muscle cell
-
three types of muscle fibers?
-
what are type 1 and type 2a and b
- slow twitch-1
- fast twitch-2
-
type 1 slow twitch fibers do?
endurance activities
-
what would change muscle mass?
poor diet, lack of activity
-
after 50 years of age what happens to muscle fibers?
decrease in size and loss in #
-
what is the function of the endocrine system?
regulate content and tempature of the body
-
what does growth hormone due for growth during childhood?
stimulate protein anabolism
-
what do thyroid hormones do?
- influence whole body growth
- skeletal growth
-
what do gonadal hormones do?
stimulate secondary sex characteristics and sex organs
-
what does insulin do?
vital for carbohydrate sysnthesis
-
what happens to the endocrine, nervous and immune system when the body ages
gradually fail to function
-
the hormones that decrease efficiancy with age?
-
what is the function of the cardio-respitory system?
to pump blood through the body
-
what are the componants of the cardio-respitory system?
- left ventricle
- right ventricle
- lungs
-
which ventricle is bigger when born and the other ventricle has to catch up?
right ventricle
-
basic components of circulatory system?
- pulmonary veins
- artieries
- aortic vavles
- atriums
- superior vena cava
-
what is the growth of the cardio-respitory system?
- follows sigmoid pattern of whole body growth
- including growth spurt in adolescence
- heart volume to body weight remains same throughout growth
-
what are the four componants under nervous system control?
- neurons
- glands
- organs
- muscles
-
what is the brain basic elements of the neuron?
- axon
- dendrites
- cell body
- myelin sheath
-
when are neurons formed?
3rd or 4th prenatal month
-
factors that can negatively effect neuron development?
- smoking
- alcohol
- illicet drugs
- malnutrition
-
what are some things that happen to the nervous system when the body ages?
what can help slow this process?
- slower responses
- loss of neurons, dendrites
- exercise
-
what are some body structural constraints?
-
what are 4 aspects of auditory perception?
- location
- difference in sounds
- patterns
- auditory figure and ground
-
for auditory perception what does it mean to location?
locate sound by determining direction and distance
-
from auditory perception what does it mean for differences in sound?
- way to differentiate similar sounds
- refine until age 13
- decreases with age so context clues are used
-
frm auditory perception what does it have to do with patterns?
- 3 properties:
- time
- intensity
- frequency
-
from auditory perception what does it have to do with auditory figure and ground
- listen to certain sounds while ignoring other irrelevent sounds
- it becomes more difficult with age
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