Anatomy Chapter 1

gross anatomy

macroscopic anatomy - superficial structures

macroscopic anatomy - specific body area

macroscopic anatomy - structural changes during maturity

requires magnification

microscopic anatomy - study of internal cellular structures

microscopic anatomy - study of tissues

the study of biological function

study of the function of cells

study of the functions of specific organs

study of the function of organ systems

study of the function of diseases

atoms --> compounds --> cells --> tissues --> organs --> organ systems --> organism

• a) move/grow
• b) reproduce
• c) respond
• d) metabolize
• e) homeostasis

processing chemicals to make energy

the ability of the body to maintain a stable environment

intrinsic response by the cell, tissue, or organ - local

response triggered by nervous or endocrine response

1) a recepor sensitive to a particular stimulus or environmental change detects the stimulus and submits the information 2) a control center receives and processes the information supplied by the receptor and sends out commands 3) an effector, a cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center and whose activity either opposes or enhances the stimulus.

change from normal triggers a response to restore the homeostasis - stops when the normal range (set point) is restored.

change cuases a ore exaggerated change - stops when signaled by an outside force

hands at sides, palms facing forward

• Right Hypochondrial
• Epigastric
• Left Hypochondrial

• Right Lumbar
• Umbilical
• Left Lumbar

• Right Iliac
• Hypogastric
• Left Iliac

horizontal cut - results in superior and inferior parts

results in anterior and posterior parts

results in left and right parts

equal halves

anywhere off center

organs suspended in internal chambers

reduce friction between internal structures and the cavities

the side of the membrane toward the organ (lines organs)

the side of the membrane toward the body wall (lines body cavities)

forehead

nose

eye

ear

cheek

neck

thorax, chest

breast

abdomen

navel

pelvis

hand

groin

pubis

thigh

foot

big toe

fingers or toes

ankle

leg

kneecap

thumb

palm

wrist

forearm

forearm

front of elbow

arm

armpit

mouth

chin

head

skull

face

shoulder

back

back of elbow

loin (base of back)

buttock

back of knee

calf

heel of foot

sole of foot

the front surface

the belly side (equivalent to anterior when referring to human body)

the back surface

the head

above; at a higher level (in the human body, toward the head)

the tail

below, at a lower level

toward the body's longitudinal axis; toward the midsaggittal plane

toward an attached base

away from an attached base

at, near, or relatively close to the body surface

farther from the body surface