day 2 of lectures

-brain

-spinal cord

-somatic

• -autonomic
• *sympathetic
• *parasympathetic

-bone

-meninges

-fluid

-blood barrier brain

-oligodendrocytes CNS and Schwann cells PNS

-astrocytes (blood brain barrier)

• -radial glia
• *scaffolding and support

-electron miscroscopy

-Nissl Stain

-tracers

-stains bind to structures only in soma

-good method for gross structure and counting overall number of cells

-enters all cells and colors them unlike golgi stain

antograde and retrograde

are absorbed by cell bodies and the neurons transport the tracer through their axons to axon terminals

are taken by axon terminals and transported back to cell bodies

going to the brain

going out of brain to spinal

top of surface

belly surface

close to nose

close to tail

close to the midline

furthest from midline

cut in half with brain standing upright

*up and down

cut in half from left to right with brain standing upright

cut in half from front to back with brain standing upright

true

• -small brain
• -faulty arrangement of brain cells and connective tissue
• -mental retardation
• *occasionally severe
• -learning disabilities
• -short attention span
• -irritability in infancy
• -poor body, hand, and finger coordination

• -ectoderm
• -mesoderm
• -endoderm

• -are multipotent cells
• *are destined to become nervous cells, but can become any nervous cell
• -stem cells can also divide and replicate with no end
• -make good candidates for diseases of nervous system

Anencephaly and spina bifida

failure of the neural tube to close at the anterior end imcompatible with life

failure of the neural tube to close along the posterior part.

*results in lower limb paralysis and cognitive impairments

-Metencephalon and Myelecephalon

-Mesencephalon

-Telencephalon and Dicenphalon

made of mostly of myelinated axons which gives a white appearance

made up mostly of cell bodies which are not myelinated

-also called the medulla

-brain meets the spinal cord

-comprised of mainly myelinated bundles of axons or tracts that carry info to the brain or to spinal cord

• used as test of myelencephalon function
• `

-first part of brain that receives information about taste

-critical for blood pressure and respiration

cells play vital role in respiration, heart beat, arousal and muscle acitivty

-contains pons and cerebellum

• --made up of afferent and efferent tracts but has some groups of cells critical for functions necessary for life like respiration
• *^ just like myelencephalon

-" little brain"

-important in motor function as well as cognition

2 parts to it called: Tectum and tegmentum

-means roof

-has two functions: inferior colliculus and superior colliculus

important in processing auditory information

important in processing visual information

- contains tracts as well

• -periaqueductal gray
• -substanitia nigra
• -red nucleus

-involved in processing information about pain

involved in movement

*destroyed in parkinsons disease

involved in posture and movement

Thalamus and hypothalamus

critical for passing info from sensory areas of hind brain to forebrain. As well as passing info from cortex and other forebrain structures to the hindbrain to move the body

critical for sending signals to the pituatiary gland which releases hormones involved in growth, sex, and stress.

-critical for motivated behaviors such as feeding, drinking as well as thermoregulation

comprises of cerebral cortex.

dips in fold= sulci (larger=fissures)

ridges= gyri

-seperates the two cerebral hemispheres