TEAS

Explanation formulated to answer the questions being investigated

• 1. Problem identification
• 2. Question asking
• 3. Hypothesis development
• 4. Data collection and experimentation
• 5. Analysis
• 6. Conclusion

• 1. Observation
• 2. Measurement
• 3. Samples
• 4. Organization

• Method whereby conclusions follow from general principles.
• 1. All men are moral
• 2. Mike is a man.

Therefore, Mike is mortal.

• Method of arriving at general principles from specific facts.
• 1. I observed the sun set this evening.
• 2. I have observed the Sun set daily, hundreds of times in my lifetime. 
• Conclude: Sun must set every day.

• Organism,
• organ systems,
• organs, tissues,
• cells,
• molecules,
• atoms

Protease, HCl, intrinsic factor (B12)

Secretin and CCK

Pancrease

Gallbladder to release bile, decreases motility and acid production of stomach

12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves and ganglia

contracts

Between left atrium and ventricle

Between right atrium and ventricle

• Vena cava,
• right atrium,
• tricuspid, right ventricle,
• pulmonary valve,
• pulmonary artery,
• lungs,
• pulmonary vein,
• left atrium,
• mitral valve,
• left ventricle,
• aortic valve,
• aorta

Cranial cavity and spinal column

Thoracic - diaphragm - abdominal and pelvic cavities

Made by integumentary system and activated by urinary system

Aka cross section.  Cut made along horizontal plane to divide the body into upper and lower regions

Aka Coronal section. Cut made along a longitudinal plane that divides the body into front and back regions

Cut made along a longitudinal plane dividing the body into right and left parts

Adaptation, circulation, elimination, locomotion, nutrition, oxygenations, regulation, self-duplication

Active when a person is excited or scared

Active when person is eating or at rest

Motor function carries electrical impulses from CNS to effectors: glands and muscles

NK, natural killer, cells to lyse

Response to viral infection and prevents replication of the virus after 7-10 days

Guide WBCs to site of damage or infection

Type of lymphocytes or small leukocytes.

Number of births per 1,000 people per year

Number of deaths per 1,000 people per year.

Stretches of DNA on a chromosome that provide information for an organism’s characteristics

Form of a gene

Pentose sugar, phosphate group backbone to link bases, nitrogenous base

Adenine, cytosine, guanine plus thymine (DNA) or uracil (RNA)

Two rings.  Adenine and Guanine

One ring. Thymine/Uracil and cytosine

Copy instructions from DNA into RNA and send messenger RNA to ribosomes

Protein production from messenger RNA

Prokaryotic: Eubacteria and Arhaebacteria.  Can exist independently of other cells

Cell wall, cytoplasm, organelles, nucleoid of condensed DNA, plasmids, ribosomes.  Some have flagella.

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, ER, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, vacuole, mitochondria, microtubules with centrosomes, nucleus containing nucleolus.  Sometimes flagella or cilia.

Contained in vacuoles.  Major site of oxygen use and energy production.  Lots in liver.

Folds in membrane of mitochondria where enzymes are found that help convert sugar into ATP

Cellular tracks that, during mitosis, form the mitotic spindle.  Helps organize and segregate chromosomes during cell division.

Microtubule-organizing centers that help form and organize the mitotic spindle during mitosis.

Small body within nucleus and functions to produce ribosomes that get moved to the cytoplasm to make cell protein.

Large and contain water.  Used to maintain proper cell pressure.

Most critical stage of development when individual tissue layers begin to form in the zygote.

Totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent.  Stem cells divide and remain undifferentiated.

G1, S phase synthesis, G2; followed y mitosis.  Gap phases: DNA available for transcription into RNA

DNA double helix unwinds.  Gene copied into complementary messenger RNA.  Helix closes. mRNA exits nucleus

DNA unwinds; DNA polymerase makes new DNA strands.

Protein synthesis and cell growth in preparation for cell division

Twin chromosome that is almost identical in size function and genes.

Chromosomes duplicate during S phase and condense into chromosomes that attach at one spot.

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase/telophase

Meiosis I/prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I/telophase I, meiosis II

Separate two sets of chromosomes into different ells.

Mitosis: spindle fibers form and the centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell.  Nuclear membrane disappears.

Mitosis: chromosomes align midway along the spindle fibers

Mitosis: chromosomes begin to separate from their daughters.  Cytokinesis begins.

Mitosis: identical sets of chromosomes are at opposite ends of cell. Spindle fibers disappear, nuclear membranes reappear, and cytokinesis completes.

Meiosis: Homologous chromosomes condense and link in the process, forming tetrads.  Allows crossing-over or recombination.

Meiosis: homologous chromosomes move to the metaphase plate

Meiosis: homologous chromosomes separate but sister chromatids stay together

Meiosis: Cytokinesis has occurred and two haploid daughter cells result.

Meiosis: spindle fibers reappear and centrioles move to opposite poles.

Sister chromatids separate again.

Four haploid cells result after cytokinesis.

Scans over DNA for mismatches in bases.  Repairs by removing incorrect base.

Cut defective strand of DNA and allow DNA polymerase to generate a new, correct piece of DNA.

Reproductive cells that give rise to sperm and ovum.

If two parents are pure for contrasting traits, all offspring will show dominant trait and be heterozygous.

Dominant and recessive genotypes interact to produce and intermediate phenotype.  Heterozygous sickle cell will have mild case of disease.

Systolic over diastolic.  Pressure when heart contracts over pressure when hear is relaxed.

Gliding, hinge, pivot, ellipsoidal, saddle, ball & socket

Linear movement.  Ex: sternum & clavicle, tarsals, ribs & vertebrae at demi-facets, carpals

Flexion/extension/hyperextension movement. Ex knee, elbow

Medial/lateral movement. Ex. Axis & Atlas, Radius & Ulna

Rounded surface articulate with a depression.  Movements: flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction. Ex. Radius & carpals, Proximal phalanges & metacarpals, Scaphoid & lunate, occipital condyles

Saddle-shaped joint.  Movements: flex, add/abd, circumduction, opposition. Ex., metacarpals & carpal (Pollex) to make the opposable thumb.

Round surface articulates with a depression. Movements: flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction, rotation. Ex. glenohumeral shoulder joint, hip

Made in renal medulla, cannot constrict blood vessels

Functional unit of the kidney

Electron pair receptor

KE = ½ mv2= ½  mass velocity2

PE = mgh = mass * std. gravity constant * height. G = 10m/s2

Heat = Mass * Latent heat

C = K + 273

F = (1.8*C)+32 

C = (F-32)/1.8

P1V1 = P2V2

PV =KnT or PV =RnT (Pressure Volume n-amt of substance (moles) Temperature R=ideal gas constant

At constant pressure, the volume of a given mass of an ideal gas increases or decrease by the same factor as its temperature (i.e. gas expands as temperature increases) 

Product of pressure and volume is a constant for a given mass of confined gas as long as the temperature is constant. pV=K

Moles of solute per liters of solution

Molecular weight in grams /weight in grams of one mole which is computed by adding atomic weight of elements in compound.

D=KT/vr where K=6.67x10-19, T is temperature in Kelvin, v is viscosity and R is radius of a molecule of solute

Gamma ray, x-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave and radio waves.  Long to short: Rabbits (radio waves) Mate (microwaves) In (infra-red) Very (visible) Unusual (unltraviolet) eXpensive (X-rays) Gardens (gamma rays).

Roy G. Biv.or Richard of York Gave Battle InVain Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet

RBG red blue green, not yellow

• First law of motion: An object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will remain in motion, at a constant velocity unless or until outside forces act upon it (inertia). 
• Second law of motion: The net force acting upon an object is a product of its mass multiplied by its acceleration. 
• Third law of motion: When one object exerts a force on another, the second object exerts on the first a force equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.

• Object in motion. p=mv.
• Object can have a lot of momentum because of large mass or a high velocity

Measurement of energy

Measurement of energy over time.  J/s Joules/sec.

Unit of charge

Inverse-square law of physics re electrostatic interaction between electrically charged particles.

Unit of force

Amount of energy associated with an object’s motion

Energy is not lost but rather transformed back/forth from KE and PE

By lowering the activation energy

Gregory Mendeleev in the 1800’s

Henry Moseley in the early 1900’s

2

6

Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom

Energy required to completely remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion.  Increases moving from left to right across a period (decreasing atomic radii)

Measure of an atom’s attraction on electrons in a chemical bond.  Low ionization → low electronegativity.

Elements that donate highly conductive electrons to their environment.  Cool and heat faster than non-metals.

First column – may donate one electron

Second column – may donate two electrons

Seventh column - May accept one electron

Electronically stable, resist bonding

Mercury and bromine

10 on the right ***

Decreases

Next to stairstep on periodic table, between metals and non-metals.  Most found in groups 14, 15 16. Accept or donate electrons readily.

Water soluble proteins

Activity (aH) of hydrogen ions. pH = -log (aH)

Battery acid

Gastric juice

Orange juice

Milk

7.34 to 7.45

pH = 3 which is pH = -log (1 x 10-3)

Qualitatively determines pH.  Litmus paper: red for acidic, blue for basic.

Saturated hydrocarbons – single bonds and C is completely connected with H.  CnH2n+2 

Have one or more double or triple bonds between carbon atoms: alkenes and alkynes

Unsaturated hydrocarbon with one double bond CnH2n

Unsaturated hydrocarbon with a triple bond CnH2n-2

Given formula with two or more molecular structures.

Butane

Pentyne

Identical atoms within a metal share electrons so readily that metallic bonding results in the treatment of that metal as one large molecule

Cations, positive

Aka Lewis dot diagram provide visual representations of covalent bonding between atoms of a molecule. Na:Cl: with double dots above and below the C

Electron donation to produce a more positive ion

Electron acceptance to produce a more negative ion

Oxidize glucose to CO2 and reduce oxygen to water.  C6H12)6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

Water and salts which neutralizes the pH.  Example: sodium hydroxide base NaOH combines with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to for water and a sodium sulfate salt Na2SO4

Combustion, photosynthesis

4 degrees C with a standard value of 1g/mL.  Therefore, ice is less dense than liquid water.

-273degrees C

Temperature and pressure at which water will coexist as solid, liquid and gas. 273.16 K = 0.01 C

Energy required to raise one unit of mass of a substance by 1 degree C.  Water has second highest specific heat (after ammonia), → minor temperature changes compared to the environment.

Amount of heat necessary to cause a phase transition between a liquid and gas.

Alteration of the physical state between a solid, liquid and a gas

Energy needed to cause a phase transition at a fixed temperature.  More needed to change from liquid to a gas than from liquid to a solid.

Add 273

Flow of energy due to a difference in temperature

Evaporation or vaporization requires addition of heat

Condensation requires subtraction of heat

High heat, low humidity, and fast movement of surrounding air

Phase transition liquid to gas by breaking physical bonds.  Heat necessary depends upon mass and latent heat

If gas A has 4 times the molar mass of gas B, it should diffuse thru a plug at ½ the rate of gas B.

Phase transition from gas

First American to win a Nobel Prize.  Measured speed of light.

Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, Exosphere, The Strong Man’s Triceps Explode.

Created thru cooling and solidification of magma or lava. basalt, gabbro, dunite, granite, rhyolite.

Formed by deposition of material at the Earth’s surface and within bodies of water.  sandstone,  conglomerates, breccias, mudrocks

Rock transformed by profound physical and/or chemical change. Marble.