BIO Ch 1,2,16 Lecture

Craig Venter

inserted a man-made genome into an empty shell of dead single-celled microbe to see whether a creature can be built that will grow, eat and reporduce like those in nature

-generate H_2 fuel?

• 1. metablosim and genetic properties of microbes similar to plants and animals
• 2. microorganisms suitable for industrial applications: easy to culture and grow rapidly

• 1995
• -microbal genome (firsat cellular genome)
• -sequenced by Hamilton O. Smith and J. Craig Venter

• 1982
• -began mass production of the world's first genetically engineered product: human insulin

• inserted an amphibian gene into a bacterial DNA
• -initiated the age of genetic engineering and modern biotechnology

1973

accidentially discovered first antibiotic: penicillin

bioreactors: grow large amount of microbes

WWII era

• 1st to develop vaccines-rabbies
• -described basis for fermentation
• -developed pasterization
• -defeated idea of spontaneous generation of microbes

• 1. suspected pathogenic organism should be present in diseased and not healthy
• 2. suspect organism should be grown in pure culture
• 3. cells from pure culture of suspected organism should cause diseas in healthy animal
• 4. organism should be reisolated and shown to be the same as the original

• -proved microorganisms cause disease
• -created first "pure culture"
• -created staining techniques
• -discovered tuberculosis bacterium

discovered hand washing greatly improved mortality rate in hospitals

• -discovered "microbal world"
• -reported observations in a series of letters to the Royal Society of London
• -made magnifying lenses

microbes produce H₂ from inorganic materials in reactions catalyzed by hydrogenase or nitrogenase enzymes

the application of organisms to remove pollutants from air, water, and soil

all like on earth depends on N₂ fixation-done by microbes

majority of living forms are microbes

ie. bacteria, virusesm archae, some fungi, protozoa, slime molds, and some algae

• -one of the earliest eukaryotes
• -found in 2.1 billion year old iron formation

• -cyan: greek for dark blue
• -proved most important in the evolution of life
• -their oxygen evolving and carbon dioxide consuming photosynthesis comprises two photosystems that generate reductants from water in mechanisms similar to those of eukaryotic plant cells

• -time where the oldest fossil organisms were found
• -3.5 billion yrs old
• -first cells were prokaryotic, anerobic, and hetertrophic

Ribozymes

RNA is autocatalytic, in prebiotic world before enzymes or DNA, RNA molecules may have been fully capable of self replication

-protobionts could have formed spontaneously from abiotically produced organic compounds

abiotically produced organic compunds

-form when lipids are included n mix

• 1953
• created in the lab the conditions of early earth atmosphere

• -early earth atmosphere very low in oxygen and high in hydrogen, ammonia and methane
• -would have enhanced the joining of simple molecules
• -energy for reactions was provided by lightning and UV radiation
• -abiotic synthesis of biological molecules

3.5 billion yrs ago

-science seeks natural casues for natural phenomena

ration 3.8 secons/24hrs+ human arrival on earth

• prokayotic and eukaryotic
• karyotic refers to nucleus