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Synthetic microbe
Craig Venter
inserted a man-made genome into an empty shell of dead single-celled microbe to see whether a creature can be built that will grow, eat and reporduce like those in nature
-generate H_2 fuel?
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Microbes leading to genetic engenieering and biotechnology
- 1. metablosim and genetic properties of microbes similar to plants and animals
- 2. microorganisms suitable for industrial applications: easy to culture and grow rapidly
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Haemophilus influenzae
- 1995
- -microbal genome (firsat cellular genome)
- -sequenced by Hamilton O. Smith and J. Craig Venter
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Genetech
- 1982
- -began mass production of the world's first genetically engineered product: human insulin
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Stanley Cohen & Herbert Boyer
- inserted an amphibian gene into a bacterial DNA
- -initiated the age of genetic engineering and modern biotechnology
1973
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Alexander Fleming
accidentially discovered first antibiotic: penicillin
bioreactors: grow large amount of microbes
WWII era
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Louis Pasteur
- 1st to develop vaccines-rabbies
- -described basis for fermentation
- -developed pasterization
- -defeated idea of spontaneous generation of microbes
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Koch's postulates
- 1. suspected pathogenic organism should be present in diseased and not healthy
- 2. suspect organism should be grown in pure culture
- 3. cells from pure culture of suspected organism should cause diseas in healthy animal
- 4. organism should be reisolated and shown to be the same as the original
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Robert Koch
- -proved microorganisms cause disease
- -created first "pure culture"
- -created staining techniques
- -discovered tuberculosis bacterium
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Ignaz Semmelweis
discovered hand washing greatly improved mortality rate in hospitals
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Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
- -discovered "microbal world"
- -reported observations in a series of letters to the Royal Society of London
- -made magnifying lenses
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H2 production
microbes produce H2 from inorganic materials in reactions catalyzed by hydrogenase or nitrogenase enzymes
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bioremediation
the application of organisms to remove pollutants from air, water, and soil
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N2 fixation
all like on earth depends on N2 fixation-done by microbes
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Microbes
majority of living forms are microbes
ie. bacteria, virusesm archae, some fungi, protozoa, slime molds, and some algae
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Grypania spiralis
- -one of the earliest eukaryotes
- -found in 2.1 billion year old iron formation
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Cyanobacteria (aka blu-green algae)
- -cyan: greek for dark blue
- -proved most important in the evolution of life
- -their oxygen evolving and carbon dioxide consuming photosynthesis comprises two photosystems that generate reductants from water in mechanisms similar to those of eukaryotic plant cells
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Precambrian Era
- -time where the oldest fossil organisms were found
- -3.5 billion yrs old
- -first cells were prokaryotic, anerobic, and hetertrophic
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RNA catalysts
Ribozymes
RNA is autocatalytic, in prebiotic world before enzymes or DNA, RNA molecules may have been fully capable of self replication
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Protobionts (coacervate or microspheres)
-protobionts could have formed spontaneously from abiotically produced organic compounds
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liposomes
abiotically produced organic compunds
-form when lipids are included n mix
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Miller and Urey experiment
- 1953
- created in the lab the conditions of early earth atmosphere
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Oparin-Haldane hypothesis
- -early earth atmosphere very low in oxygen and high in hydrogen, ammonia and methane
- -would have enhanced the joining of simple molecules
- -energy for reactions was provided by lightning and UV radiation
- -abiotic synthesis of biological molecules
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First microbes
3.5 billion yrs ago
-science seeks natural casues for natural phenomena
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Deep time
ration 3.8 secons/24hrs+ human arrival on earth
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2 main microbes
- prokayotic and eukaryotic
- karyotic refers to nucleus
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