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What are the two types of data?
quantitative and qualitative
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What is quantitative daa?
It can be measured; number value
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What is qualitaive data?
cannot be measured; characteristics
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Using senses to gather information
observation
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logical interpretation based on pior knowledge
inference
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What are the steps in he scientific method in order?
Identify the problem, gather information, state the hypothesis, design and carry out an experiment, make observations and record data, organize and analyze data, state conclusion
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a suggested explanation to a problem or observation based upon known information
hypothesis
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used to test a hypothesis
experiment
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anything that can affect the reslts of an experiment
variable
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observations and measurements made during an experiment
data
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part within the experiment that is maintained without change in order to provide a comparison fo the part of the experient containing the variable
control
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hypothesis that has been teste and supported by a great amont of evidence over a long period of time
theory
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a statement describing (but not explaining) a natral event ofr pheonmenon
law
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a new use to which results are put or new technique developed
appliction
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a summary that explains whether or not the dada supports the hypothesis
conlusion
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the subject that does not reeive the experimental treatment
control
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is tested in some way
experimental group
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material one works with during an experiment
independent variable
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what is being measured or observed
dependent variable
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What is another name for the independent variable?
manipulated
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What is another name for the dependent vaiable?
responding
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What are the characteristics of life?
mde up of cells (unicellular or multicellular), reprodue (asexual/sexual), universal genetic codes (DNA/RNA), grow and develop, respond to environment (stimulus) stable internal environment (homeostasis), change over time
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smallest unit of atter
atom
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proton
positive charge, in the nucleus
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neutron,
neutral charge,in he nucleus
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electron
negatve charge, outside the nucleus
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positively charged center of the atom
nucleus
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pure substance made up of one type of atom
element
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atomic number
number of protons
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mass number
number of protons+ number of neutrons
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atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons
isotope
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compound
two or more elemens combined in definirte proportions
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Two types of chemical bonds in compounds are:
Ionic an covalent
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transfe of electrons between atoms, produces ions
ionic bond
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sharing electrons between atoms
covalent bonds
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when electrons are shared equally they are ______ when they are shared non equally they are _______.
nonpolar, polar
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What are the properties of water?
polarity, hydrogen bonds, cohesion, adhesion, andhcapillary action
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uneven distribution of electrons between O and H atoms
polarity
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weaker than ionic and covalent, gives water many of its properties
hydrogen bonds
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of molecules of same substance (water to water)
cohesion
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attraction of moleculs of different substances
adhesion
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tendancy of water to rise in a thin tube due to adhesion
capilary action
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two or more elemens or compouns that are physically mixed but not chemically combined
mixture
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What are the two types of mixtures?
suspensions and solutions
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small particles arent dissolved: still considered seprate components
suspension
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components are evenly distributed throughout
solution
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The substance being dissolved is the____the substance doing the dissolving ______.
solute, solvent
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Found on the pH scale from 0-6.9, high concentrtion of H+ions, tastes sour an can burn, ex: vinegar, lemon, tea
acids
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Found on pH scale from 7.1-14, high concentration of OH ions, tastes bitter and can iritate skin, ex: soap, bleach
base
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pure water, pH of 7
neutral
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has four valence electons, allowing carbn to from many different bonds andmaking many different conmpound
carbon
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carbon compounds can be in a _____, _______, or _______.
line, ring, branched
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Polmers are made of
monomers
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macromolecules are made of
polymers
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macromolecules are formed by
polymerization,
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Four groups of organic macromolecules in living things are
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins
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What are carbohydrates made of?
simple sugars, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
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What are the two types of carbohydrates?
simple and complex
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provides short term energy, can be made of one or two sugar molecules
simple carbs, ex:glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose
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provides longer term energy, made of many sugar molecules
complex carbs, ex: starch, cellulose, glycogen
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What is carbohydrates function?
mostly provides eergy; some carbs are structural like cellulose in plants
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What are ipids mae of?
fatty acids
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What are the three types of lipids?
saturated, unsaturaed, and polyunsaturated
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What is the function of lipids?
insulation, stored energy, pheromones, cell membrane
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What are nucleic acids made of ?
nucleotiedes, carbon, phosphate, nitrogen
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What are the two types of nucleic acids?
DNA/RNA
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What is the function of nucleic acids?
store/ transmit genetic info, cntains code fro all proteins
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What are proteins made of?
amino acids
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How many types of proteins are there?
1000's
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What are the functions of proteins?
control cell processes, form bone muscle hair and nails, speeds up rats of reaction (enzyme), transports substances, immunity
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changes in chemical bonds that jjoin atoms and compound
chemical reaction
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enery thats needed to get a reacton
activation energy
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biologica catalyst, that speeds up by lowering activation energy
enzyme
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enzymes are made up of
proteins, or amino acids hooked together
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What is the funcion of enzymes?
speeds up chemical reactions that would take place anyway, akes materias for the cell
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What affects enzymes?
temperatture, pH, concentration
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How do enzymes work?
they provide active site where reactants can join together
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What are the branches of biology?
zoology (animals), botany (plants), ornithology (birds), histology
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What are the levels of organization?
molecules, cells, organisms, population, community, ecosystems, biom,biosphere
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base on units of ten
metric system
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produce magnified images too small to see wth the eye
microscope
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allows light to pass through speimen and uses lenses
light microscope
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uses beams of lectons to view specimen
electron microscope
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What are the two types of electrons?
SEM & TEM
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grow cells on a nutrient rich petri dish
cell culture
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used to speparate different cell parts
cell fractionation
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What are the parts of a microscope?
eyepiece, course adjustment, stage, stage clips, diaphragm, mirror or light source, fine adjustment, low power objective, high power objective, and base
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