public health ch. 1-14

activities that are intended to prevent the onset of a disease or injury

activities intended to minimize the risk of progression or complications from a disease or to minimize damage from an injury

• activities intended to minimize disability caused by a disease or injury
• ex.) rehabilitation

organized community efforts to ensure conditions in which people can be healthy

• one of the 3 core functions of public health
• -monitor health status to identify community problems
• -diagnose and investigate a problem

• one of the 3 core functions of public health
• -enforce laws and regualtions

• of the 3 core functions of public health
• -inform, educate, empower people about health issues

• term used to describe a program or policy
• -designed to have an impact on a health problem

emphazies individual responsibility, minimal obligation to common good and fundamental freedom to all individuals to be left alone

minimal levels of income, basic housing, employment, education, and health care should be seen as fundamental rights

dilemma arising from the situation in which multiple individuals act independtly and rationally consulting their own self interest which will lead to depelation of a shared limited resource

• assessment
• policy development
• assurance

chronic disease

• public health- community as a whole
• medical care- individual and cure

• science is how we understand threats to health and what intervention to make
• politics is how we as a society make decisions about what policies to implement

• epidemiology
• statistics
• biomedical sciences
• enviromental health science
• social and behaviors science
• health policy and management

• study of epidemics
• aims to control spread of infectious diseases

collection of data in a population

how to treat infectious diseases, chronic diseases and genetics

health effects of enviromental exposures

• leading factors effecting peoples health
• ex. tobacco, poor diet

role of medical care in public health

• primary
• secondary
• tertiary

• define health problem
• identify risk factors
• develop and test interventions
• implement interventions
• monitor interventions

• agent
• host
• enviroment
• interventions

• cleaner water
• technology
• cleaner air

each assess, make policies and give assurance with monitoring

• economic impact
• individual liberty
• moral and religious concern
• politics vs. science

those who must pay may not be the ones that benefit

to prevent harm to other - generally acceptable

• no smoking
• benefit- everyone
• pay the cost- tobacco companies and individual freedom

• invoked for three reasons:
• -prevent person from harming others
• -defend interests of the incompetant persons
• -protect person from harming self

• varies from state to state
• day to day responsibilities
• ex.) health statistics, health education, sanitation, provide screenings and immunizations

law

president

state

• legislative
• executive
• judicial
• = inter play with each other

• sanitation
• screenings
• monitor statistics
• control programs

state taxes

• lobby and educate
• - american cancer society

• help funding
• ex) bill and melinda gates foundation

• diagnostic disipline of public health
• investigates causes of diseases
• who-when-where

• who
• when
• where

recognition of a new disease

different for different diseases vary with population growth and demographics

#'s above normal in population when above it

• cholera epidemic in mid 1850's
• natural experiement
• door to door correlation
• between water and company

• air conditioning cooler in hotel had contaminated water
• now all air conditioners have certain requirements

• federal- most traditional public health activities other than enviromental
• ex) HHS , CDC, FDA, NIH
• state- primary constitutional responsibility and authority of the health, safety and general welfare of the population

• FDA- food and drug administration
• CDC- center for disease control and prevention
• HHS- department of health and human services
• NIH- national institute of health

usual prevelance of a disease with a geographical area

occurance in a community or geographical area of a disease at a tate that clearly exceeds the normally expected rate

• certain "notifiable" disease that is reported as soon as it is diagnosed
• major line of defense in protecting the public against disease
• sooner it kicks in sooner the epedemic stops

• diagnostic displine of public health
• study of populations to seek the causes of health and disease

disease that the law requires to be reported to public health authorities as part of the public health survelliance system

characteristic that has been demonstrated statisically to increase a persons chance of developing a disease or being injured

• chronic diseases develop over time
• more complicated
• different factors
• cannot be cured by a vaccine

• epidemeology study
• individuals affected by a disease with a comparable group of persons who dont have the disease.
• to see the causes

study of a group of people followed over time to see how some disease develop

health outcome to be studied

compomrised of answers: who, when, where questions

state of being exposed to something

measure of the new number of new cases reported in a given amount of time: usually a year

• epidemiological study
• the impact of interventions on one group of subjects in compared to the effect of placebo

ratio of odds of an event occuring in one group

improvement in health behavior not attributed to a medication

exposure to pathogenic agent under discussion and suspitibilty

proportion of persons in a population who have a particular disease or attribute at specified point in time

doctor nor patient know who is in the control or experient group

proportion of some disease or condition in a group per unit of time with numerator and denomentor

comparison of two morbidity or mortality rates using calculation of the ratio of one to the other

variables that researchers are unable to control

consent by patient to undergo medical treatment/experiement

comittee of people desginated to approve, monitor, research involving humans

systemic error due to differences in accuracy or completeness to recall to memory or past events

error choosing individuals/groups to take part in study

minor differences among individual people in the population

• study of populations to seek the causes of health and disease
• the study of distribution and determinants of disease frequency in human population

• intervention study
• cohort study
• case-control study

• raised ethical issues
• deception
• racist

way of comparing two groups that differ in some important variable by mathmatically eliminating the effect of that variable

economic analysis assessed as health outcome per cost expended

actual rate of events in a population with out adjustment

mistaken identification of person being healthy or uneffected when in fact they have the disease or condition being tested for

mistaken identification of persons as affected by some disease or condition when in fact they are uneffected by disease or condition being tested for

# of additional years of life expected as a specific point in time.

calculation of what may be expected based on what has happened in the past under similar conditions

# of live births per 1000 of the population per year

# of residents deaths per 100,000 population

ability of a test to avoid false negatives, its ability to identify a disease or condition in those who have it

componant of the CDC charged with providing statistical information that will guide actions, policies to raise health in america

systemically collected statistics on life events, measuring progress or lack of it against disease

us health survey that looks at behavioral risk factors

collects data about different types of health insurance coverage

is whether the information stored on a system is protected against unitended or unauthorized access

numbers that describe the health of a population

• incidence
• prevelance

significant

probability of finding an effect if there is in fact an effect

more likely to have effect

mamography

false negative/positives

 years of potential life loss

cost

• assess health of a community
• raw material for research

• local records- death birth
• surveys- done by CDC for census planning

• serves as denominator for most public health data
• every 10 years

• population
• age
• ethnicity
• education

water droplets produced when infected person coughs or sneezes

one celled microorganism of the plant kingdom

route of transmission from feces to oral

a living cell in which a virus reproduces

stimulating immunity to an infectious disease by exposing an individual to a weakened or dead pathogen

organisms that live in or on another host and benefits by deriving nutrients at the hosts expense

bacteria, virus, microorganism that can cause disease

place where a pathogen lives and multiples before invading non infected person

small pathogen that is not capable of independent metabolism can only reproduce in a living cell

• way infections spread 
• leave host-transmission-to new host

• contagious and fatal virus disease of dogs 
• saliva to humans

infectious disease unique to humans

type of drug resistance where organism is able to survive exposure

first antiviral therapy for HIV/AIDS

terrorism involving release of toxic biological agents

dangerous form of e.coli that lives in human colon

incidence in humans has increased the past decade

contagious viral infection of the respitory passages

resistant to common antiTB drugs

particles contain protein but no nucleic acid and no traditional genetic material

RNA virus that inserts DNA copy of its genome into host in order to replicate

T helper cells, sub group of lymphocytes

• one person to another
• water, food, vectors, objects

• epidemiological surveillance
• -relatively rare
• vaccine expensive
• inconvient to deliver

• vaccine 
• -no human resevoir

• blood
• person to person
• aerosol
• feces
• vectors
• enviromental factors

• RNA virus constantly changing
• replicating to become stronger

• dont put antiobiotics in cow feed
• finish antibiotic
• unnessary prescriptions to antibiotics

• bubonic plague
• small pox
• measles
• typhoid

• immunization
• vaccine

• bacteria
• viruses
• parasites

• pathogen
• reservoir
• transmission
• host

try and break chain is what public health does

• found in abundance
• must be isolated
• introduce disease to healthy suspect
• must be resisolated, diseased host again, identical

virus goes thru filter paper

• aerosol
• touching
• contaminated water food
• vectors
• sexual contact

• antibiotics
• eliminate resevoir
• prevent transmission
• increase resistance

• epidemiologic surviellence
• contact tracing
• quarintine
• immunization

• classic public health measures
• no vaccine
• tx symptoms

• completely get rid of
• small pox
• measles

urban myths created about autism SIDS

more immunized the better

• death and disability
• multiple
• long
• secondary
• animal

• blood test
• mamogram
• papsmear

• short life span
• more ethical
• some of the same genetics

• elderly
• 45-65  years

• different risk factors
• isolation= problem

• genetics
• statins

hardening of the artieries from plaque

high blood pressure

carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin and cuts off the oxygen to the heart and lungs

• mutations
• chemicals, viruses, radiation

chemicals and radiation

• cervical cancer
• hepatitis

prevent exposure to carcinogens

• blindness
• kidney failure
• poor wound healing
• amputations

• CABG
• stint
• public health says: exercise and eat healthy

midlife

father

african americans

recessive gene

infectious pathogens that effect fetus

abnormalities - no arms no legs

genetics and teratogens

• jewish populations
• recessive

• test of blood for metabolic abnormalties
• reduce or prevent damage

• screens for recessive genes in highrisk populations
• ex. tay sachs
• sickle cell anemia

human genome project

• determine what sequence that makes up DNA
• mapping of the genes of human genome

BENEFITS: understand human evolution

treatment and followup

U.S gov't trying to regulate the behavior of its citzens

informs the public about healthy and unhealthy behaviors

intent to restrain people from harming themselves

listing of daily values of the 6 food groups a person should consume in a day

• eating habits
• participation in activties
• recreational activites

• someone else is doing it
• enviroment
• genetics

• the way to look at a social enviroment
• 1.intrapersonal-attitudes
• 2.interpersonal-family friends
• 3.institutional
• 4.community
• 5.public policy

several factors that determine whether a person is likely to change a behavior when faced with a health threat

individuals belief that they can control what effects them

sense of having control over ones life

physical or emotional comfort given to us by friends or family

concept that includes income, education, occupational status = all strongly associated

adverse physical and social conditions associated with lower SES

depends on the stage

all 5 steps of the ecological model are included to explain the high rate