PA Cephalometric Landmarks

uppermost point on the roof of the orbit

Intersection point between the external orbital contour laterally and the oblique orbital line (projection of the greater wing of the sphenoid)

Intersection of external orbit and orbital portion of frontal bone

Neck of crista galli, most constricted point of the projection of the perpendicular lamina of the ethmoid

Maximum concavity on the contour of the maxilla between malare and the maxillary first molar

The lateral border on the center of the zygomatic arch

Points on the outline of the nasal cavity at the widest area

Tip of the ANS just below the nasal concavity and above the hard palate

Lowest point on the contour of the mastoid process

Lowest point on the incisal edge of the maxillary central incisor

Lowest point on the contour of the chin

Lateral inferior margin of the antegonial protruberances