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Arterial blood gasses, pH
- pH 7.35 - 7.45
- measures the pH of the body,
- decr in diabetic ketoacidosis, respiratory acidosis
- incr in respiratory alkalosis, incorrect ventilator settings, liver disease, sepsis, metabolic alkalosis, volume depletion
-
O2 saturation
- 95% - 100%
- measures oxygen in arterial blood
- decr in alcohol and COPD
- incr O2 assistance (nasal cannula, O2 mask)
-
Billirubin, total
- total 0.3 - 1 mg/dl
- billirubin is the waste product of the break down of hemoblobin, it is conjugated in the liver
- incr in liver impairment (jaundice)
-
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
- 7 - 20 mg/dl
- byproduct of protein metabolism, excreted by kidneys, related to protein intake and kidney effectiveness
- decr in liver failure, overhydration, starvation
- incr in burns, gi bleeding, renal failure, dehydration, shock, stress
-
cholestreol
- 120 - 200 mg/dl
- establishes membrane permeability, promotes atherosclerosis
- decr in chronic illness, cirrhosis, acute hepatitis, malabsorption, malnutrition, liver cancer, hyperthyroidism
- incr in anorexia nervosa, Cushings, DM2 (uncontrolled),hyperlipdemia, hypothyroidism
-
creatinine
- 0.7 - 1.3 mg/dl
- product of muscle breakdown, filtered by kidneys thus a marker for kidney function
- decr in decreased muscle mass
- incr in renal failure, hypthyroidism, urinary tract obstruction
-
Fasting Glucose
- 60 - 100 mg/dl
- glucose is energy for cells, needs insulin to enter the cells
- decr in adrenocortical insufficiency, hypopituitarism
- incr in Cushing's, pancreatitis, DM
-
hematocrit
- 35% - 55%
- percentange of blood volume taken up by red blood cells
- decr in fluid excess, anemia
- incr in burns, COPD, dehydration,
-
platelet count
- 150,000 - 450,000 cell/ul
- clot formation
- decr in alcohol, chemotherapy,
- incr in blood loss, cancer, infection, iron deficiency,
-
partial thromboplastin time (PTT) Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)
- 20 - 40 seconds
- measure how quickly the blood clots
- decr in hypercoagulable state
- incr in hemophilia, lups, anticoagulant therapy
-
Prothrombin time (PT)
- 10 - 13 seconds
- measures how quickly the blood clots
- incr in liver disease, vitamin K deficiency, anticoagulant therapy
-
INR
- 0.9 - 1.2
- measurement of blood clotting time adjusted to compensate for differences in labs
- incr in warfin therapy,
-
Red blood cell count (RBC)
- 4 - 6 million
- measures the amount of oxygen carrying red blood cells
- decr in alcohol abuse, anemia, liver disease, renal failure, hemorrhage,
- incr in chronic hypoxia, tumors
-
White blood cells, leukocyte
- leukocyte 5000 - 10,000 cu mm count
- WBC defend against disease
- decr in anemia, sepsis
- incr in cancer, infection
-
Urine Protein
- < 100 mg/100
- kidneys normally excrete a small amount of protein
- incr lupus, renal impairment, DM, preeclampsia, pyelonephritis,
-
uric acid
- 2- 8 mg/dL
- final breakdown product eliminated by the kidneys
- decreased in liver disease,
- increased in eclampsia, renal failure, gout,
-
iron
- 26 - 200
- bound to red blood cells, transports iron
- decr in dietary iron deficiency
- incr in anemia, lead poisoning, viral hepatitis
-
ck - mb (creatine kinase-MB)
- 0 - 3
- incr. in cardiac trauma
- less sensitive, may stay elevatied up to 4 days after event
-
ck
- 30 - 170
- evaluation of chest pain, begins to incr 3-8 hours after MI, peaks at 24 hours
- incr in cerebral/cardiac infarction, alcoholism, cerebral infaction, muscle trauma, tetanus
-
troponin
- < 0.04
- specific marker for MI, levels over 0.04 indicate the amount of cardiac damage
- incr in cardiac trauma, surgery
- may stay elevated up to several days after the event
-
magnesium
- 1.8 - 3
- helps with muscle contraction, DNA synthesis, and activation of ATP and B complex
- decr in alcoholism, diabetic ketoacidosis, diarrhea,
- incr. in Addison's, dehydration, renal failure, hyperparathyroidism, hypothyroidism
-
phosphorus
- 2.4 - 4.1
- Assists with activation of B complex, cell development, CHO, fat and protein metabolism, and formation and activation of ATP (adenosine triphosphate - creb cycle)
- decr in alcoholism, diarrhea, hypercalcemia, hyperparathyroidism, refeeding syndrome, vomiting
- incr in liver failure, renal failure, cirrhosis,
-
cortisol
- a.m.: 5 - 23
- p.m.: 3 - 13
- "stress hormone", increases blood sugar levels, supresses the immune system
- decr in Addisons,
- incr in acute illness, alcoholism, anxiety, depression, Cushings, chronic renal failure, septic shock, starvation, surgery, trauma
-
Parathyroid Hormone, PTH
- 10 - 55
- regulates calcium and phospherous
- decr in hypoparathyroid
- incr in hyperparathyroid, malabsorption, renal failure, vitamin D deficiency
-
ALP (alkaline phosphatase)
- 44 - 147
- removes phosphate from biliary tract, bone, liver
- incr in liver cancer, bile duct obstruction,
-
ALT (alanine transaminase)
- 10 - 35
- found mainly in the liver, involved in amino acid metabolism,
- decr in vitamin B deficiency
- incr. liver impairment, acute viral hepatitis, cholangitis, choledocholithiasis,
-
AST (aspartate transaminase)
- < 35
- found mainly in the liver, involved in amino acid metabolism,
- decr in vitamin B deficiency
- incr in liver impairment, choledocholithiasis, right heart failure,
-
CD4 count
- 400 - 1400
- assists T cells in the immune system,
- decr in HIV/AIDS, (< 200) acute viral infection, Hodgikin's disease, immunodeficiency disorders, leukemiasincr. in acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), infection mononucleosis
-
erythrocyte sedimentation rate, (ESR)
- female < 25
- male < 17
- the rate at which red blood cells precipitate in 1 hour, non-specific measure of inflammation
- decr in CHF, sickle cell anemia
- incr in chronic renal failure, anemia,
-
Sodium
- 136 - 145
- Maintains acid/base balance, maintains extracellular volume, and maintains urine concentration.
- decr in AIDS, adrenal insufficiency, CHF, cirrhosis, heavy sweating, SIADH, vomiting, water intoxication
- incr in Cushings, dehydration, diabetes insipidus, DM, vomiting, excessive sweating
-
Potassium
- 3.5 - 5.0
- Regulates protein synthesis, glycolysis, and glycogen synthesis.
- decr in alkalosis, ascites, burns, Cushings, diarrhea, vomiting
- incr in acidosis, Addisons, dehydration, infection, renal failure, severe tissue damage,
-
Chloride
- 98 - 106
- Assists the formation of hydrocholric acid, maintenance of acid/base balance, and maintaining osmotic pressure.
- decr in adrenal insufficiency, Cushings, diabetic ketoacidosis, gastric suctioning, SIADH, renal failure, vomiting
- incr in diarrhea, dehydration, hyperparathyroidism, renal failure, respiratory acidosis
-
albumin
- 3.5 - 5.5
- maintain osmostic pressure, transport other enzymes, hormones, drugs
- decr in burns, chronic liver disease, DM, CHF, malnutrition, trauma
- incr in dehydration, shock
-
Calcium
- 9.0 - 10.5
- builds teeth/bones, signals nervers
- decr in alcoholism,chronic renal failure, magnesium defieciency, vitamin D deficiency
- incr in bone cancer, hyperparathyroidism, renal failure
-
Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)
- 1 - 2 ng/mL
- produced by prostate
- increased in benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and prostate cancer.
- Also increased in digital rectal exam, ejaculation and recent UTI.
-
ICP (inter cranial pressure)
- <20 mm Hg
- measures the pressure inside the craniumincr in increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure (i.e. brain injury, encephalitis, aneurysm, mennigitis, hematoma, etc.)
-
creatinine clearance
- 80 to139 mL/min/m2
- best indication of overall kidney function
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