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to wake up
despertarse (ie)
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to have fun
divertirse (ie)
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to get dresssed (full conjugation)
vestir: visto, vistes, viste, vestemos, vestís, visten
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to give (full conjugation)
(Dar) Doy, das, da, damos, dais, dan
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to say, tell (full conjugation)
(decir) digo dices dice decimos decís dicen
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Should / ought to
deber (should, ought to)
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need to
necesitar (to need to)
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Expressing Plans / Desires: (to think that)
pensar que
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Expressing Plans / Desires:(to think about, have an opinion of )
pensar de
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Expressing Plans / Desires: (to think about someone or something, have one’s thoughts on)
pensar en
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Would Like (2 words)
Quisiera and me (le) gustaría
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Forms of Quisiera
quisiera, quisieras, quisiera quisiéramos quisierais quisieran
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Forms of gustaría
gustaría te gustaría le gustaría nos gustaría os gustaría les gustaría
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Comparisons of Equality: Qualities
(no) tan... como
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Comparisons of Equality: quantities
(no) tanto... como
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Reflexive pronouns
indicate that the subject of a sentence does something to himself or herself: Me, te, se, nos, os, se
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Indirect object pronouns
indicating to whom something is said, told, explained, reported, asked, answered, and so on.*: me, te, le, nos, os, les
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Personal Direct Object Pronouns
Referring to People already Mentioned: me, te, nos, os; lo, la, los, las
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The Preterite of Regular Verbs - ar
-é, -aste, -ó, -amos, -asteis, -aron
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The Preterite of Regular Verbs - er/ir
-í, -iste, -ió, -imos, -isteis, -ieron
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Misc Preterite Rules: If the stem of an -er/-ir verb ends in a vowel (le-er)
the i of the -ió and -ieron endings changes to y in the preterite: oír: oí, oíste, oyó, oímos, oísteis, oyeron
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Irregular Preterite Rules: Ending of yo and usted, él/ella
Unlike regular preterite verb endings, the endings of the yo and usted, él/ella forms are not stressed in the last syllable
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Irregular Preterite Rules: conducir, decir, traducir, and traer
drop the i in the ustedes, ellos/as form
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Irregular Preterite Rules: dar and ver
take the -er/-ir endings, but with no written accents
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Irregular Preterite Forms: to do
(hacer) hice hiciste hizo hicimos hicisteis hicieron
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Irregular Preterite Forms: to come
Venir: vine viniste vinó vinimos vininsteis vinieron
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Irregular Preterite Forms: to want
Querer: quise quisiste quiso quisimos quisisteis quisieron
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Irregular Preterite Forms: to say
Decir: dije dijiste dijo dijimos dijisteis dijeron
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Irregular Preterite Forms: to lead
Conducir: conduje condujiste condujo condujimos condujisteis condujeron
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Irregular Preterite Forms: to translate
Traducir: traduje tradujiste tradujo tradujimos tradujisteis tradujeron
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Stem-Changing Verbs in the Preterite: Rules
Most cases the vowels of stem-changing verbs do not change in the preterite forms. A few, all in the -ir group, do change their stem vowel in the usted, él/ella and the ustedes, ellos/as forms of the preterite. 2 possible changes: E > I and o > u
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Stem-Changing Verbs in the Preterite: to have a good time
Divertirse: divertí divertiste divirtió divertimos divertisteis divirtieron
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Stem-Changing Verbs in the Preterite: to sleep
dormir: dormí dormiste durmió dormimos dormisteis durmieron
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Stem-Changing Verbs in the Preterite: to fry
Freír: Freí Freiste Freió Freimos Freisteis Freieron
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Stem-Changing Verbs in the Preterite: to feel
sentire
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Stem-Changing Verbs in the Preterite: to suggest
sugerir
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Stem-Changing Verbs in the Preterite: to prefer
preferir
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Stem-Changing Verbs in the Preterite: to lie
mentir
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Stem-Changing Verbs in the Preterite: to lie
morir
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Stem-Changing Verbs in the Preterite: to order, to ask for
pedir
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Stem-Changing Verbs in the Preterite: to serve
servir
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Stem-Changing Verbs in the Preterite: to dress
vestir
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Stem-Changing Verbs in the Preterite: to follow
seguir
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These follow the samer patter, except that in 3rd-singular forms, one i is dropped
to laugh Reír:(accent kept) Reí reíste río reímos reísteis rieron; to smile Sonreír: (accent kept) Sonreí sonreíste sonrío sonreímos sonreísteis sonrieron
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I don't either
A mí tampoco.
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some
Algún alguno/a/os/as (Algún for masculine singular nouns)
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none, no one
ningún ninguno/a (de)
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Imperfect Tense: Rules
Saying what you used to do (habitually or repeatedly
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Imperfect Tense: -ar
- ●yo : -aba
- ●tu : -abas
- ●el ella usted : -aba
- ●nos : -ábamos
- ●vos : -abais
- ●ustedes ellos/as : -aban
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Imperfect Tense: -er/ir
- ●yo : -ía
- ●tu : -íias
- ●el ella usted : -ía
- ●nos : -íiamos
- ●vos : -íais
- ●ustedes ellos/as : -ían
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only 3 irregular verbs in imperfect
- ● ir ser ver
- ● (yo) iba era veía
- ● (tú) ibas eras veías
- ● (usted, él/ella) iba era veía
- ● (nosotros/as) íbamos éramos veíamos
- ● (vosotros/as) ibais erais veíais
- ● (ustedes, ellos/as) iban eran veían
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verbs describing states or ongoing conditions
are usually conjugated in the imperfect tense
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to convey that the state came to an end.
state verbs in the preterite
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Present Perfect
Saying What You Have Done: ●The present perfect is formed with the present tense of the verb haber* (to have) followed by a form of the verb called the past participle.
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Verb forms of haber
He, has, ha, hemos, habéis, han
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Past participle : rules
formed by adding -ado to the stem of -ar verbs and -ido to the stem of -er and -ir verbs.
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Past participle : to say / said; to tell / told
decir: dicho
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Past participle : to write / written
escribir: escrito
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Past participle : to do / done; to make / made
hacer: hecho
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Past participle : to die / died; dead
morir: muerto
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Past participle : to put / put
poner: puesto
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Past participle : to solve / solved
resolver: resuelto
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Past participle : to break / broken
romper: roto
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Past participle : to return / returned
volver: vuelto
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Para
toward a destination; to indicate a deadline by which something is expected to happen.
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Por
motion through or by (along) a place; to indicate means of transportation; to express during, in, or at with parts of the day
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adverbs
Many adverbs are formed in Spanish by adding -mente to the feminine or neuter form of the adjective:
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to attract attention
llamar la atención
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to be pressing, really necessary
urgir
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Giving polite commands
formed by changing -ar verb endings to -e; -er and -ir endings change to -a. To give polite commands to more than one person, add -n.
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Giving polite commands: irregular/stems
If a verb stem is irregular in the yo form of the present tense, it usually has the same irregularity in the command form
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Giving polite commands: pronouns
Object pronouns and refl exive pronouns are attached to affi rmative commands and precede negative ones.
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irregular command forms that do not match the first-person singular forms: give
dé (dar)
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irregular command forms that do not match the first-person singular forms: know
sepa (saber)
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irregular command forms that do not match the first-person singular forms: be
esté (estar)
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irregular command forms that do not match the first-person singular forms: go
vaya (ir)
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irregular command forms that do not match the first-person singular forms: be
sea (ser)
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Command stem changes: get/obtain
conseguir (i): consiga
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Softening Commands
Present Subjunctive follwing querer que and sugerir que
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Th e forms of the present subjunctive: -ar
-e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en
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Th e forms of the present subjunctive: -er/-ir
-a, -as, -a, -amos, áis, -an
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action or state described in a clause that begins with cuando refers to a habitual action
present indicative
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the action or state described in a clause that begins with cuando refers to the future
subjunctive form
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present subjunctive of: to pick
recoger: recojo recoja, recojas, recoja, recojamos, recojáis, recojan
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Present subjunctive based on present indicative ending in oy in yo form
Verbs that end in -oy in the yo form, as well as the verb saber, have irregular stems in the present subjunctive.*
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present subjunctive of: dar
doy dé, des, dé, demos, deis, den
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present subjunctive of: estar
estoy esté, estés, esté, estemos, estéis, estén
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present subjunctive of: ir
voy vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayáis, vayan
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Present subjunctive based on present indicative with stem-vowel changes e y ie and o y ue
keep those changes in the present subjunctive except for the nosotros/as and vosotros/as forms..
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Present subjunctive based on present indicative with stem-vowel changes e y I
have the same stem-vowel change in all the present subjunctive forms.
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Imperfect Progressive
Talking about past action in progress
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To describe an action that was taking place at some past moment,
use the imperfect tense of estar (estaba, estabas, estaba, estábamos, estabais, estaban), followed by a present participle
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