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What is learning?
occurs between the perception of information (stimuli) by the sense organs and the ultimate storage of some part of that information in the brain
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What is memory?
recollection and use of that information at a later time
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What does memory involve?
recording, storage, and retrieval
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What types of memory do we have?
short term and long term
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Where does memory occur in the brain?
cerebrum
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What are instincts?
genetic programs that animals are born with
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Is a stimulus still required for instincts?
yes, stimulus is still required for an instinct to kick in
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Instinctual behaviors are modified by _____.
learning
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What are the three parts of the learning process?
- habituation
- classical conditioning
- operant conditioning
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What is habituation?
- adapting animals at a young age to stimuli
- example: riding in the car, loud noises, people
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What is another term for habituation?
socialization
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What happens if we don't socialize an animal at a young age?
the animal develops anxiety and phobias
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What is classical conditioning? Who was the theorist who discovered classical conditioning and how did he do it?
- innate reflex-like responses
- discovered by Pavlov
- dogs salivate when saw food, paired with ringing bell, removed food as stimulus, ringing bell still caused salivation
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Classical conditioning is _____ stimulus paired with _____ stimulus
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What is operant conditioning?
rewarding good behavior and vice versa
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When using positive reinforcement, the reward must come within _____ of response.
seconds
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What is negative reinforcement?
removing aversive stimulus incraeses chances of a response
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Is negative reinforcement the same as punishment?
no
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What is punishment?
aversive stimulus after unwanted act to stop behavior
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When does punishment need to occur?
within 1 second after the act
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What kinds of things can you do if an animal is caught in the act of doing something wrong?
- interrupt: use a sound or throw a soft object
- distract: call dog
- command: tell it to do something, praise if obeys
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What are the 4 different types of behavior modification techniques?
- flooding
- systematic desensitization
- counter conditioning
- extinction
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What is flooding?
- repeatedly presenting stimulus which causes anxiety
- stop the stimulus once the pet relaxes
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Does flooding for work fear?
no
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What is anxiety?
anticipation of danger from unknown
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Wha is fear?
consciously recognized external threat
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What is phobia?
persistent, excessive, irrational fear
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What are some signs dogs show when they are anxious?
- ears back
- panting
- licking lips
- trembling
- yawning
- pacing
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What are some signs dogs show when they are showing fear?
- tail tucked
- avoidance
- crying
- shaking
- escaping
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What are some signs dogs show when they are showing a phobia to something?
overreaction resulting in injury and destruction
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How do we desensitize and animal?
- present in intensity which doesn't elicit fear
- gradually increase amount until the animal is no longer afraid
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What is counter conditioning?
training a new response incompatible with the old one
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When is counter conditioning used?
used to treat phobias and undesirable behaviors
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What is extinction?
- occurs when behavior consistently is not rewarded
- used for unwanted learned behaviors
- intially the animal is more obnoxious
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