PSY 303 CH 1-5

2 major portions of the forebrain; covered by the cerebral cortex

contains the limbic system and the basal ganglia

information gathering neuron

movement neuron

all the neurons that are not Sensory or Motor neurons

the brain and spinal cord

any part of the nervous system that is outside of the brain and spinal cord

cell body

info processing part of a neuron - "decides what to send"

part of a neuron that recieves information from the terminal buttons of another neuron

contain (house) neurotransmitters

junction between the terminal button of an axon and the membrane of another neuron

joins neurons together

info sending part of a neuron

a neuron with one axon and many dendrites attached to its soma

a neuron with one axon and one dendrite attached to its soma

Sensory neurons

a neuron with one axon attached to its soma; the axon is divided into two braches - one that receives sensory info and one that sends info to the CNS

human embryos, invertabrates, some somatosensory neurons

part of a neuron that forms a synapse with another neuron to send info to it

# of outputs for a given neuron

chemical message released by terminal buttons that start or stop the action of another neuron

defines the boundaries of a cell via lipid molecules (fatlike molecules) and also constitutes many of the cell organelles

center of a cell that contains the nucleolus and chromosomes

structure within the nucleus that makes ribosomes

produces proteins translated from mRNA

RNA that doesn't code for protein but has a function of its own

organelle responsible for energy (ATP) production

contains ribosomes 

production of proteins secreted by the cell

provides channels for segregation of molecules involved in cell processes

"Traffic director" of a cell

gives the neuron its shape

part of cytoskeleton and involved in transporting substances from place to place within a cell

direction along the axon from the soma to the terminal buttons

direction along the axon from the terminal buttons to the soma

process by which substances are propelled along microtubules running the length of the axon

supporting cells of the NS

Astrocytes

Oligodendrocytes

Connective tissue

glial cells that remove waste and deliver nutrients (oxygen and glucose) to neurons

"scavengers"

glial cells that provide myelin for axons in the CNS

release several axons

sheath surrounding axons that insulates most of them from one another

speeds up the firing

cells that provide myelin for axons in the PNS

realease one axon

naked portion of a myelinated axon between oligodendroglia or Schwann cells

smallest glial cells that protect the brain from other microorganisms

electrical

movement towards equillibrium

Driving Force

small pump that uses ATP to get rid of 3 Na+ and bring in 2 K+

creates a charge

very specific for which ions it allows to move in and out of a cell

any chemical that can bind

channel will open for a particular ligand and allow certain ions to pass

needs a change in voltage to open

where an action potential starts

"decison to send info"

"the signal" that provides the basis for sending information along the axon

All or Nothing

the attractive and repulsive force between ions

strength of signal never decreases

signal "jumps" from node to node of a myelinated axon

the further away from the area of dispursment the less the effect

electrical impulse that (usually) results in a chemical signal to influence other neurons

weighing IPSPs against EPSPs to determine whether or not to fire

basis for signaling

stored potential enerygy that allows signal to happen

voltage inside the cell as oppsed to outside the cell

creates a charge

70

phospholipid bilayer

organic anions

Na+/K+ pump - electrogenic

size and shape of neurons

projections they have and the neurotransmitters they release

+55 mV

negatively charged proteins and intermediate products of the cell's metabolic processes

___ what input the cell receives.

Depolarizing

makes a cell more positive

Hyperpolarizing

makes a cell more negative

Automatic (hard wired processing)

• 1. maintinance of functions for survival - breathing
• 2. maint. of activity for adaptive function - sleep cycles
• 3. Protection - immune system

Neurons

Glial Cells

Motor

Sensory

Interneuron

microglia and blood vessels

Unipolar

Bipolar

Multipolar

what input the cell recieves

voltage

Voltage needed to Fire

current doesn't leak out on a myelinated axon

myelinated axon also needs fewer dipoles than non-myelinated axons

less than half

1. Bind to post synaptic cell

2. Bind to an autoreceptor

3. Reuptake via "FedEx" proteins

4. Enzymatic breakdown - ligands get digested (Pac-Man)

Constantly active

ionotropic channel in the pre-synaptic cell that prevents saturation 

closing/blocking Ca++ channels

"FedEx" proteins pick up just released loose neurotransmitters and carry them back to the presynaptic cell

constituatively active

the digestion of just released ligands by "Pac-Man" enzymes.

Temporally

Adapt

activates an enzyme that produces a 2nd  messenger that opens nearby ion channels

1 ligand binds and opens 1 channel

FAST

1 ligand binds and opens several channels

SLOW, but amplifies the signal coming out

protein

1. Axodendritic

2. Axosomatic

3. Axoaxonic

Ca++

small IPSP overrides a massive EPSP

flow of current across a barrier

"ions flowing across membrane"

Quanta

# of Vessicles =

# of Quanta =

# of Neurotransmitter released =

# NT Bound =

# Open Channels =

# Ions flowing across Membrane =

# IPSP or EPSP

Firing Rate

Summation

1 cell changes it's firing rate

(ie: 10 action potentials vs 1 action potential)

coordinated effort of several cells changing their firing rate at the same time for the same purpose

IPSP or EPSP

level of activation

oppositional

Central (CNS) and Peripheral (PNS)

Autonomic NS and Somatic NS

Sympathetic Division and Parasympathetic Division

Somatic Motor and Somatic Sensory

Sympathetic Division

protection of CNS from all substances outside the brain

outside the brain

meninges, dura, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

solution acts as a buffer for the brain, provides nutrients (glucose and protein), and disipates heat

function

Case Studies (starting point NOT causal) 

Stimulation (electrodes)

Lesion Studies (ablation)

Psychopharmacology (chemical NOT physical)

genetic devolopment across a species (evolution)

development of an individual species

"toward the beak" ... front/face

"toward the tail" ... rear

"toward the back"

"toward the belly"

center most point on any axis

toward the midline

toward the sides of the body - away from the midline

crosses both sides

located on the same (one) side of the body

located on the opposite side of the body

above

below

further from reference point with respect to midline

closer to midline of body than reference point

Toward any reference point

(ie. sensory pathway)

away from any reference point

(ie. motor pathway)

Central Nervous System

slice through the brain parallel to the ground

see front and back of the top and bottom

a slice through the brain parallel to the forehead

see top and bottom of the front and back

a slice through the brain that gives a left and right half

see top, bottom, front, and back of the left and right

Cervical (Neck)

Thoracic (Chest)

Lumbar (Lower Back)

Sacral (Pelvic)

7

12

5

0 - vertabrae are fused

white - outside

gray - inside

contains afferent neurons

contains efferent neurons

contains myelinated axons

contains mostly nueral cell bodies and short UNmyelinated axons

presence/absence of sight/light

presence/absence of sound

heart rate and respiration

reticular (net-like) formation - role in arousal

arousal and autonomic functions (locus coeruleus)

relay from "higher" CNS regions to PNS

some motor control and balance (integration)

some activity in activation

primitive sensory processing (1st spot)

superior and inferior colliculi

involvement in motor functions, arousal, and autonomic activity

movement (extension of basal ganglia)

sensory relay for everything except olfactory (smell)

role in coordinated activity ("rate regulator") - oscillations

groups of neurons in the thalamus project all over

Only part of brain that has information about things co-occuring

firing and timing of neurons

conected with the pituitary glands

regulation of autonomic functions/behaviors and endocrine system (temperature and sleep regulation)

organizes the 4 Fs

organized by the hypothalamus

• - Feeding
• - Fighting
• - Fleeing
• - Fucking

movement coordination (voluntary movement)

motor refinement for re-tasking (responding)

Hippocampus

Amygdala

learning and memory

- most clearly shows plasticity in the brain

emotional response/integration

associating senses with memory

vital role in perception, cognition, and control of movement

more surface area

groove

Convolution

have specific names and functions

major groove

large divisions of area and function

humans have a highly folded cerebral cortex

Temporal

Occipital

Parietal

Frontal

primary auditory cortex

primary visual cortex

primary somatosensory cortex

primary motor cortex

high executive function

last part of brain to develop

socially acceptable behavior

complex ideas

point where all lobes relate

in some regions, neurons that respond to adjacent points in space are next to each other

"short cuts" for quicker responses

"map" locations based on what neurn is firing

Principle excitatory NT in efferent (away/motor) projections and autonomic NS

sleep regulation (REM)

Attention/ Learning and Memory

Activation level (tone) within the CNS

- Alzheimer's, toxins

Nicotinic - ionotropic

Muscarinic - metabotropic (more #s in CNS)

Acetylcholine

similarly structured family of transmitters:

Dopamine

Norepinepherine

Epinepherine (adrenaline)

Serotonin

dopaminergic

produces EPSPs and IPSPs depending on the region of CNS

Motor systems: basal ganglia

Reward/Reinforcement - Learning/Memory: Limbic System

Projections to Cortex

Parkinson's (loss of dopaminergic neurons)

Drugs of Abuse: extent to which it causes dopamine to release

Depression and Schizophrenia???

Noradrenergic

Drives arousal throught CNS - locus ceruleus projections

PNS and activity as hormone - endocrine

hormone

no particular binding site - spreads throughout system via blood stream

cannot meddle w/ specific groups w/i groups - messes with entire system

NOT one of the Classic 6 NT

causes an elevation of sympathetic tone

Outside NS: acts as a hormone

w/i CNS: limited activity

arousal

co-localize

serotinergic

ALL receptors (except 5-HT₃) are metabotropic and capable of IPSPs and EPSPs (depending on type)

• Mediates several systems:
• All 5 senses
• Homeostasis: sleep, appetite/ingestive behavior
• Aggressive behavior
• Learning and Memory
• "Mood"

• Role in Hallucinogens
• Depression and OCD???

Glutamate

GABA

Principle excitatory NT of the CNS (Na+ channels)

• Receptors:
• AMPA - Ionotropic
• Kainate - Ionotropic
• NMDA - Ionotropic AND Voltage gated (Ca++ channels)
• Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors - M Glu R

• Mediates SEVERAL systems
• Learning and Memory

Principle inhibitory NT of the CNS

when released - produces IPSPs

• Receptors:
• GABA - Ionotropic Cl- (supressant)
• GABA - Metabotropic (slower but sustained supressant)

• Mediates SEVERAL systems:
• Learning and memory
• coordinated population activity
• seizure disorders

Ca++

Larger than typical NT - modulates what a classic NT does (neuro-protective) ...  Enhances or Inhibits

• Modulates the activity of many systems
• Fine tuning of classic NT activity
• Impacts almost ALL behavior

• Receptors:
• PNS and CNS distribution
• Can act as a NT (specific site) or effect a geteral area

Glutamate receptor

Ionotropic AND Voltage gated (Ca++ channels)

"Coincidence Detector" - Glutamate MUST BIND, but Mg+ will NOT move unless it reaches a certain charge (depolarized)

what a Drug does to the body

time course and intensity of the effect of a drug on the body

"movement of drugs"

what the Body does to a drug

time course of a drug and it's metabolites through the body

Extensive process for drug development

Absorption - administration

Distribution within the body (between tissues) - permeability

Metabolism (broken down by enzymes) - sequence

Excretion (removal): active and passive process

Pharmacokinetics - time course and progression for ADME

how well a ligand binds to a receptor

Strong/Weak

measure of affinity

Lower

the extent (%) of the effect of ligand binding to receptor

an agonist that fights for the activation site of the principle ligand

any ligand that facilitates/activates

agonist that binds "anywhere" - does not compete for the binding site of the principle ligand

agonist that does NOT have 100% intrinsic activation

any ligand that Inhibits

Intrinsic Activity = 0

competes for the binding site of Endogenous ligands

prevents function, but not at the binding site

when they bind, that NT never functions again!

Stimulating

Depressing

Replacement of Endogenous

Scavange (Destruction)

Route of administration (formulations)

Duration of Effect (half life) - frequency of administration

Characteristics of subject taking the drug

Drug-Drug interactions (shared degredation pathways)

liver breaks down "stuff" before it gets used - more is broken down than is ever used

how long it takes for HALF the drug to be destroyed by enzymes

based on the enzymes that break it down

measure of effect a drug dose has

• y axis: effect
• x axis: dose

Potency of the drug

Affinity and Intrinsic Activity

Dose Response Curve

gives measure of potency

every receptor is already bound to, so there is no more effect even with more drug

when a drug becomes more and more effective

when a drug becomes less and less effective

Tissue: GI tract

Speed: Moderate

Benefit: Duration, no Pain

Liability: 1st Pass Effect

Tissue: Muscle

Speed: Fast

Benefit: No GI issues

Liability: Pain

Tissue: Blood

Speed: Super Fast

Benefit: Depot

Liability: Pain

Tissue: one of the cerebral ventricles

Speed: almost immediate

Benefit: crosses BBB

Liability: Pain, Surgery