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Epistemology
A branch of Social Science (Philosophy) that examines the methods, origin and limits of human knowledge..ex..Religion, Tradition, Authority, Schien
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Methodology
The Science of exploring procedures for scientific investigations
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Thing we already "Know" and share with our culture and those around us
Agreement Reality
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Replication
Repeating a Study and determining if the results are the same each time
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Traditional Knowledge
Knowledge past down from generation to generation
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Knowledge from someone of expertise of that particular field ex...Dermatologist, Dentist, Accountant, Meteorologist
Authority Knowledge
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Over-exaggerated view about a particular group
Overgeneralization
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A hypothesis created after confirming data has already been collected
Ex-post Facto Hypothesis
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Logic and Knowledge based on experience
Empirical Knowledge
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An idea that attempts to explain an occurance; An abstract statement
Theory
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Involved with what result is expected vs. what is actually observed.
Data Analysis
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"Norm" accepted in Society. Ex...A college degree can help increase your chances of finding a job. Democrats usally vote for the Democratic party
Social Regularities
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Special kind of concept; entity that can have different values ex..gender, height, hair color
Variable
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Components that are parts of a variable
Attributes
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A variable that is presumed to cause or determine a dependant variable ; the variable that is being manipulated
Independant Variable
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The variable that depends on another variable
Dependant Variable
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Three factors of Social Economic Status
- 1. Education
- 2. Income
- 3. Occupational Status
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Specific statement about relationships among concepts..
ex-the relationship between Social Economic Status and Academic Achievement
Proposition
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Abstract elements of a theory.
Concept/Constructs
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General principles derived from specific observations
Ex- Low SES contribute to low grades, while High SES contribute to higher grades, your duty is to find out why?
Induction
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Specific expectations of a hypothesis are developed on the basis of general principle
Propositon: All unemployed spouse abusers recidivate
Observation: Joe is an umemployed spouse abuser
Conclusion: Joe will recidivate
Deduction
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Theory aimed at understanding the "big picture" of an institution, whole societies and interactions among societies
Ex- Schools, Churches, neighborhoods
Macrotheory
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A theory aimed at undrstanding social life at the intimate level of individuals and their interactions
Ex- Conflict relationship between teenager and their parent
Microtheory
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Name 3 Approaches for reducing Social Problems
- 1. Give Money
- 2. Volunteer
- 3. Practicioner; working on the front lines..ex. Doctor, Social worker, EMT
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Faith-based and trust-based knowledge; Cannot be falsified
Religion
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Expertise/experience –based knowledge
Can change
Authority
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Knowledge passed on from generation to generation
Can sometimes hinder acceptance to new knowledge
Tradition
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scientific methods used to investigate individuals, groups, societies and social processes; observational knowledge interpreted through theories
Social Science
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Name 6 Flaws in Unscientific Epistemology
- Inaccurate observation
- Premature Closure
- Overgeneralization
- Selective observation
- Ego Involvement
- Ex-post facto hypothesizing
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Describe the 2 Elements of the Scientific Apporach
- Theory: explanation
- Method: finding out
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Name 6 elements of a Theory
- 1. Can be falsified by anyone with training in sciences
- 2. A set of empirically falsifiable, abstract statements about reality
- 3. Describes why events occur
- 4. Can be replaced with a better one
- 5. A theory does not claim to be Truth or the only truth
- 6. More than one theory can fit a set of observations
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A specified testable expectation about the world that follows from a proposition
e.x. low SES students have lower grades than high SES students
Hypotheses
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Deduction
- 1. Theory
- 2. Hypotheses
- 3. Observation /Test hypotheses
- 4. Confirmation - Problem: may begin with the wrong theory
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Induction
- 1. Observations
- 2. Empirical generalizations: Pattern
- 3. Hypothesis (tenative)
- 4. Theory - Problem: may develop wrong theory since observations may be explained by multiple theories
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Proposition1: All unemployed spouse abusers recidivate
Observation1: Joe is an unemployed spouse abuser
Conclusion: Joe will recidivate
Deduction
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Specifying what we mean by a term
Conceptulization
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Defining concepts based on what can be observed through senses
Operationalization
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The researcher has to remain free of Bias
Value Free Knowledge
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All sciences follow the same rules of conceptualization, operationalization and value-free knowledge
Unity of Science
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Used to define and describe social phenomenon
e.x. To what organizations are LGBTQIA of color affiliated? What is the GPA of Black males compared to Black females at York College?
Descriptive Research
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Used to find out how people get along in a setting, what meaning they give to actions and what issues concern them
No expectations i.e. no theories applied
e.x. What is the experience of Black men at York College
Exploratory Research
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Used to identify cause and effect of social phenomenon and to predict how one phenomenon will change or vary in response to another
e.x. Does SES negatively affect the GPA of Black men relative to Black women at York College?
Explanatory Research
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Used to describe or identify the impact of social policies and programs
e.x. What is the impact of the Black Male Initiative Program at York College? What is the impact of No Child Left Behind on student performance
Evaluation Research
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Concepts are converted into numbers or attributes that can be ordered
Quanitative Methods
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Depend on written and spoken words or observations that do not have direct numerical interpretation
e.x. participant observation, intensive interviewing, focus groups
Qualitative Methods
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Use of multiple methods to study a research question
Triangulation
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A question about the social world that is answered through the collection of firsthand, verifiable or empirical data
Social Research Question
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What does IRB stand for?
Institutional Review Board
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List 3 roles of the IRB
- 1. Review research proposals
- 2. Ensure that the risks to participants are minimal and justified
- 3. Protect the rights and interests of those involved in research
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Action that is done for the benefit of others
Beneficence
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Do no harm! (even when person volunteers)
Nonmaleficence
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Researcher cannot match responses to the participant
Anonymity
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Researcher can match responses to participant but promises not to make this information public
Confidentiality
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Being aware of and responding to ways in which cultural factors and cultural differences influence what we investigate, how we investigate and how we interpret our findings
Cultural Competence
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Belief in superiority of your own culture
Ethnocentrism
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List 3 Types of Measurement Equivalences
- 1. Linguistic: translation and back-translation
- 2. Conceptual: observed behavior have same meaning across groups
- 3. Metric: scores on measure are comparable across groups
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The major personality acheivement of adolescence and a cruial step toward becoming a productive, content adult
Identity
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Debriefing
Interviewing subjects to learn about the impact of their experience in a project
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Informed Consent
A norm in which subject base their participation in research projects on a full understanding of the possible risk involved
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Idiographic explanation
A complete understanding about a particulat phenomenom that accounts all possible causal factors
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Nomothetic explanation
A general understanding about a phenomenom that only indicates a small number of relevant causal factors
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