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What is code is known for punishment in the name of the city-state?
Code of Hammurabi 1792-1750 B.C.E.
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Law of Moses is based on what principle?
lex talionis or eye for eye
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How long were the Twelve Tables in use?
300 years in Rome
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Which law governed relationships between Roman citizens?
jus civile
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Which Roman law governed foreigners?
jus gentium
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Which Roman principle allowed magistrates to supplement law with rulings and became the basis for modern case law?
jus honorarium
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When a judge makes a ruling that effects law it is called__.
Case law
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Law that governs churches, especially Roman Catholic Church?
canon law
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Germanic law that includes sanctions of monetary compensations; developed to avoid blood feuds.
lex salica
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What are botes?
Restitution
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Exile or banishment in a structured version.
Transportation
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Rules conforming to human nature discovered through reason. Rules without knowledge or reference to artificial laws of society.
Natural law
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In the 17th century, the idea was fostered taht science holds answers to all of society's challenges. What is this era called?
Age of Enlightenment, especially Montesquieu and Cesare Beccaria
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A system of solitary confinement that became costly and did not take advantage of inmate labor.
Pennsylvania System
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A system that was regimented and utilized inmates for hard labor.
Auburn System, known for black and white stripes; used at Sing Sing
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Who advocated for separation of powers into judicial, executive and legislative?
Montesquieu
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Who advocated that punishment be certain, swift and severe?
Cesare Beccaria
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Describe the silent system.
Marching, working and eating in complete silence. Walking in lockstep. The Auburn System.
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What are isolated areas for confinement via geography or topography?
Penal Colonies
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Good behavior that results in leave is called?
Ticket of Leave
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What is the key facet of Penal Servitute Act of 1853?
Parole
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What is early release to supervision of local law enforcement?
Parole
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Describe Irish ticket-of-leave system.
Reduced rations, then increased and added more priviledges.
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Who is Enoch Wines?
Penal reformer
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What did Zebulon Reed Brockway develop?
Elmira model which aimed to reform offenders in three stages
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What was the lowest grade in the Elmira model and what was emphasized?
Intake. Third grade. Emphasis on education.
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Specific treatment for criminals esp., group therapy and behavior modification is known as which model?
Medical Model
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The process of returning offenders to orderly or acceptable behaviors is called?
Rehabilitation
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A bridge between the institution and the community is called?
Reintegration
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What did Robert Martinson's 1974 report on corrections suggest?
Nothing works
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What model suggests that offenders have free will and choose to violate laws and deserve to be punished?
Justice Model
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What is a habitual offender statute?
Send an offender to prison for life following the three strikes.
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