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What are behavioral medications commonly used for?
- Fears/phobias
- Separation anxiety
- Compulsive disorders
- Age-related disorders (cognitive dysfunction)
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What mus also take place for behavioral medications to be successful?
Behavioral modification through training
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How long can it take for behavioral drugs to reach its peak serum [ ]?
Weeks to months
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What should be obtained from an owner prior to administration of behavioral drugs? Why?
Consent form in case of adverse effects of off-label meds
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Name the neurotransmitters in the brain that behavioral drugs alter.
- Gammaaminobutyric Acid (GABA)
- Acetylcholine
- Norepinephrine
- Serotonin
- Dopamine
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What are the three types of behavioral drugs?
- Anxiolytics
- Antidepressants
- Antipsychotics
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Anxiolytics in general are used for what?
Decreasing anxiety and fear
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Anxiolytics, such as benzodiazepines, stimulate what receptors to have a depressing effect?
GABA
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At low doses benzodiazepines cause ______, and at higher doses they cause ______
Decreased anxiety; sedation
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What are the 4 bezodiazepines used for behavioral drugs?
- Diazepam
- Alprazolam
- Lorazepam
- Clonazepam
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What are the trade names for:
Diazepam
Alprazolam
Lorazepam
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Benzodiazepines are used to tx what?
- Fear
- Aggression
- Separation anxiety
- Urine marking/spraying in cats
- Compulsive disorders
- Appetite stimulants
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Valium is used to tx what in cats?
Feline psychogenic alopecia/dermatitis
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What is the trade name for Buspirone? What classification is Buspirone in?
Buspar; anxiolytics
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What is a non-benzodiazepine agent with fewer side effects than benzodiazepines?
Buspirone (Buspar)
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Buspar is used in the tx of?
- Fear/phobia
- Urine spraying
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What are the adverse effects of Buspirone?
- Increased affection in cats
- Reversed roles (bullied cat becomes bully)
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What are the 3 classes of antidepressants?
- Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
- Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
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Name 2 TCAs. Which one is veterinary approved?
- Amitriptyline (Elavil)
- Clomipramine (Clomicalm) -vet approved
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What are TCAs used for?
- General anxiety disorders
- Separation anxiety
- Inappropriate urination in feline
- Excessive grooming (cat/bird)
- OCD (dogs)
- Decrease aggressive behaviors
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What are precautions of TCAs?
- May decrease seizure threshold
- Patients w/ GI motility decreases, urinary retention, cardiac arrhythmias or glaucoma
- Hyperthyroid patients & those receiving thyroid supplementation
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TCAs should not be given to animals also on ____ & _____
MAOIs; SSRIs
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What are adverse effects of TCAs?
- Anorexia
- V/D
- Elevated liver enzymes
- Sedation/lethargy/depression
- Dry mouth
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What is Clomipramine used for?
- OCD
- Male dominance aggression
- Fearful/fear aggression behaviors
- Noise phobias
- Separation anxiety
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What is Amitriptyline used for?
- Separation anxiety/general anxiety (dogs)
- Excessive grooming, spraying & anxiety (cat)
- Adjunctive tx of pruritis or chronic pain of neuropathic origin (dog/cat)
- Feather plucking in birds
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What does SSRI stand for?
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
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What are the 4 SSRIs talked about in class? Include trade names.
- Fluoxetine (Prozac®)
- Fluvoxamine
- Paroxetine (Paxil®)
- Sertraline (Zoloft®)
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What is the MOA for SSRIs?
Block removal of serotonin from the synaptic cleft which increases the amount of time that the NT is at the action site
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What is serotonin known to play a role in?
Mood and behavior
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What are common uses for SSRIs?
- OCD
- Anxiety
- Aggression
- Inappropriate urination (feline)
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What are adverse effects of SSRIs?
- Insomnia/hyperactivity
- V/D
- Anorexia
- Elevated liver enzymes
- Sedation/lethargy/depression
- Dry mouth
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What does MAO stand for? What do these block?
- Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
- Dopamine reuptake
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What is a common MAO? Give trade name as well?
Selegiline (Anipryl®)
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What are MAO-B inhibitor uses?
- Pituitary dependent Cushing's
- Cognitive dysfunction syndrome
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What is cognitive dysfunction syndrome thought to be influenced by?
Decreased amounts of dopamine in certian parts of the brain
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Anipryl® contains risk fro human abuse. Why is this?
2 of the 3 metabolites are amphetamine and methamphetamine
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What are adverse effects of Selegiline?
- V/D
- Restlessness
- Lethargy
- Salivation
- Anorexia
- Diminished hearing/deafness
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What is the MOA of synthetic progestins?
Inhibition of pituitary sectretion of gonadotropins (FSH, LH) which affects hormone levels
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What are two synthetic progestins? Give generic and trade names.
- Megestrol acetate (Ovaban®)
- Medroxyprogesterone (Depo-Provera®)
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Megestrol acetate is used for what in cats?
Urine marking, intraspecies aggression and anxiety
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What are 2 pheromone products used in the market?
Feliway and D.A.P.
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What are 2 products used to prevent coprophagia?
ForBid and D-Tur
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What is Medroxyprogesterone used for?
- Inter-male aggression in dogs
- Feline psychogenic alopecia/dermatitis
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What are side effects of progestins?
- Adrenocortical suppression
- Adrenal atrophy
- Diabetes mellitus
- PU/PD
- Weight gain
- Mammary enlargement/neoplasia
- Endometritis
- Personality changes
- Pyometra
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What are commonly used for antipsychotic drugs?
Phenothiazines: Acepromazine & Chlorpromazine
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What are antipsychotics used for?
Decrease inappropriate behavioral responses (phobias)
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What do antipsychotics block? What does this cause?
Dopamine receptors which causes a decreases in vomiting and abnormal emotionally driven behaviors
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What are the side effects of phenothiazine tranquilizers?
- Decreased interest in the environment
- Increased aggression due to blocking adaptive learned behaviors
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