AGP103 Plant Science

any hairlike outgrowth from the surface of a plant

• Flowering plants
• Though they're relative newcomers to the plant world, 2/3 of today's plants are angiosperms

purposeful growing of plants to improve supply

• Linked to Agronomy
• Trying to get the most yield or profit with the least amount of input
• Think wheat plant - you can't look at every last detail of every single wheat plant

• Linked to horticulture
• Large amount of input given the plant or area
• Tends to have an increased cost
• You're looking at every individual plant
• Apple tree
• Fruit, vegetable, flower production tend toward intensive

• Tobacco, Cotton, Rice
• These involve more input than say corn or wheat, so they tend to be a little closer to intensive

• The poles
• Very, very, very dry deserts
• Deep, deep oceans
• High, high altitudes

Climate

adapted to live in dry, hot conditions

plant adapted for survival in moderate (not too wet, not too dry) habitats

plant adapted for survival in very wet habitats

Near the equator

• Of the 500,000-700,000 plant species, more than 80 percent of human food comes from six species
• Tend to be grains - rice, wheat, corn, oats

Corn, sorghum, barley, oats

Cotton

use of plants to help remove contaminants such as heavy metals from the environment

• Spices tend to be seeds from more tropical areas
• Herbs tend to be leaves from more temperate climates

• Resources going into a plant
• New leaves on a plant are a sink, because the plant is sending its energy to the development of leaves

• Medicinal drugs produced using biotechnology
• Produced by means other than direct extraction from a plant or other living organism

Foods (or chemicals present in foods) that have a medicinal effect on human health

Stems

Two names

It's based on reproductive parts

• Rose family
• -Apple, pear, quince, peach, strawberry, blackberry are all part of the Family Rosaceae

• Nightshade family
• Potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, tobacco, petunia all fall into family solanaceae

A subcategory of family, categorization is based on similar flowers, roots, stems, buds and leaves

• Stone fruits
• peaches, apricots, almonds, tart cherry, sweet cherry, plum

• A subcategory of genus
• Composed of individuals that resemble one another
• Able to breed among themselves, generally not able to breed with members of another species

Peach

• Variety developed by plant breeders
• Usually propogated vegetatively by stem cuttings or dividing

• Originates from single plant specimen
• Maintained in cultivation by vegetative propogation
• All clones from parent plant are exactly alike

• folius
• folium
• phyllum

reptans

scandens

• alba
• albus
• luco

Green

rubro

• one seed leaf
• corn
• flower parts are in multiples of three

• 2 seed leaf
• 4 or 5 flower parts

shape or look

• Hollyhocks
• Thistle
• 2 growing seasons

Conifers

• By use
• Class (monocot v dicot)
• Length of life cycle
• Morphology
• Flower, Fruit or Seed Structure (angiosperm, gymnosperm)

• herbaceous (no woody tissue)
• shrub (multiple stems)
• tree (one main stem - trunk)

• erect
• decumbent
• creeping
• climbing

Roots in an unusual place, that originate from stem or leaf tissue rather than from another root

Based on succulence (fleshy or dry) and anatomical features

• Drupes
• Berry
• Hesperidium
• Pome
• Pepos

• Hard stony seed center
• Peach

• Inner pulp with seeds
• Tomato

• leathery rind, fragrant, partitions
• orange

• Overy or core surrounded by tissue
• Apple

• Firm rind, fleshy, watery pulp, many seeds
• Watermelon, pumpkin

• dehiscent
• indehiscent

• break open at maturity to shed seed
• beans, peas, milkweed

• do not break open at maturity
• acorn, sunflower, corn, strawberry

• a small, dry, hard, indehiscent fruit, one-seeded, nut-like, often mistaken for a seed
• strawberry, raspberry, sunflower

• Derived from single flower with several or many pistils
• Produce cluster of tiny fruitlets that remain on a single receptacle
• Berries

• derived from cluster of individual flowers that fuse together as the plant develops
• Pineapple

Decidiuous loses its leaves, evergreens stay green

25

417 pounds and we're still not eating enough veggies

Plasmodesmata

• protecting the intracellular contents
• bestows rigidity to the plant
• provides a porous medium for the circulation and distribution of water, minerals, and other nutrients
• houses specialized molecules that regulate growth and protect the plant from disease.

• Semi-permeable
• Composed of proteins or fats

Jelly-like substance within the cell

contains the genetic material that codes for protein so plants can build and repair

• Animal cells don't have this
• Photosynthesis takes place here

• Cell respiration
• Converts carbs into energy

• Storage of water, certain chemicals
• Also has a membrane
• Helps keep cell rigid

• Tiny places where cells divide repeatedly
• When cells take on a role, like becoming part of a stem,, they become differentiated

At the tip of shoots and roots, for primary growth upward or downward

Help plants grow wider over time

"Pipes" that conduct food and water throughout the plant

• conducts water and minerals
• cells dividing inward

• conducts sugar, food produced via photosynthesis
• cells dividing outward

when you have a place producing something, such as leaves producing photosynthesis, that's a source

• When you have something that needs attention, such as new leaves developing, that's a sink
• Phloem makes it possible for the source to get food to the sink

meristematic tissues giving rise to new xylem and phloem

• Tap (many times, food source)
• Fibrous (hold topsoil in place, prevent soil erosion)
• Prop (penetrate soil for anchorage)
• Aerial (may penetrate soil, may attach to other plants or objects)

• dicots
• monocots do not

gives rise to new tissues laterally

where leaves attach to stem

space between nodes

• Drupe
• Stone fruit

• Pepo
• pumpkin, watermelon

• Hesperidium
• oranges

• berry
• tomato, banana

ovary or core surrounded by edible, fleshy tissue (apple)

Chocolate

B. Embryo has single cotyledon

adventitious

• usually can produce its own food
• reproduces
• rareley is able to move around
• many are green due to having chlorophyll

Carl Linneaus

• False
• Dehiscents break open

D. A perennial plant completes its life cycle in one growing season.

On the epidermis

Alternate

an arrangement of leaves (or buds) on a stem (or twig) in which the leaves emerge from the stem in opposing pairs

an arrangement of leaves (or buds) on a stem (or twig) in which the leaves emerge from the stem one at a time.  This often makes the leaves appear to alternate on the stem.

A plant has whorled leaves when there are three or more equally spaced leaves at a node.

Plasmodesmata

Cordate

digitate

Serrate

Palmate

Round

ovate

D. All of the above. Dioecious means two houses

Synoecious

True

• undivided blade
• if they have divisions, they do not reach the midrib

• have a fragmented blade, with divisions reaching the midrib
• have leaflets (walnut)

• Sepals (typically green)
• Petals
• Stamens (male parts)
• Pistils (female parts)

Calyx

Corolla

Tepals

• Anther (produces pollen)
• Filament (stalk that supports anther)
• Nectaries (at base of filament, produce sticky, sugary substance)
• Adroecium (all the stamens)

• Stigma (receives pollen, usually sticky)
• Style (connects stigma to ovary)
• Ovary (contains the egg and one or more ovules)
• Gynoecium (all the pistils)

• Petioles
• Sessile
• Sheathing (monocots, new shoots come through the others)

• Paralell veins (monocots)
• Pinnate (main vein, called midrib, from which all other veins arise)
• Palmate (major veins all arise from same place, somewhat like fingers coming from the palm of a hand)
• Trifoliate (three leaflets, such as a shamrock)

• enlarged part of pedicel where floral parts arise
• on a strawberry, the receptacle is the fleshy part
• in an apple, the ovary is recessed into the receptacle

supports an idividual flower (connects the flower to the peduncle, or main stalk)

leaf connection

China, India, Russia and the U.S.

Corn, wheat and soybeans

Wheat, corn, rice

Cotton

White potatoes

Sugar cane

Apical meristem

Contains all four flower parts

missing one or more parts

contains stamen and pistil (doesn't matter if it's lacking the sepals or petals)

only female parts

Only male

Corn - tassles are male, silks are female

• one house
• pistillate and staminate on same plant, like corn or begonias

two houses, only staminate or pistillate, like buffalo grass or holly

contains perfect flowers

multiple flowers are on one peduncle (stem)

central axis, peduncle

Only one flower on top of the rachis

Sessile, flowers are attached directly to the rachis

Corn (cob is the rachis) Salvia

Just like spike only with pedicels

A compound raceme (the raceme has pedicels coming off the rachis, and the panicle has pedicels coming of the pedicels that came off the raceme)

Different lengths of pedicels, attaching at a different locations and creating a flat-topped inflorescense

All pedicels attach at the base

many sessile flowers tightly clustered on a flattened receptical

similar to head, but globe shaped (clover)

maple seed wings

• embryo (tiny plant in seed - it's a living organism)
• endosperm (food reserves - orchids do not produce this)
• seed coat (protective outer surface)

Ovary swells and becomes either fleshy or hard and dry to protect develping seeds

• Radicle - emrbryonic root
• Cotyledons - embryonic leaves
• hypocotyl - below embryonic leaves
• Epicotyl - above embryhonic leaves

• $37 billion worldwide, wholesale value
• Fasted growing category is vegetable seeds
• Largest seed market is in the U.S.

• Contains and protects seeds
• Contains mature ovary and one or more ovules
• Surrounded by ovary wall

occurs when pollen from the anther lands on the stigma

turn into seeds

• grass family, whole seed
• fused to ovary wall
• indehiscent dry fruit (corn, sorghum, wheat, oats, rye)

• Develops from the Seed
• Or from Base of a Stem in Case of Ferns

usually found in grain crops

contains the intercellular spaces through which carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water pass.

• epidermal cells, which contains openings or pores called stomates, each surrounded by two guard cells.
• Generally more stomates in the lower epidermal layer.

photosynthesis

• control the opening and closing of the stomata through which carbon dioxide enters, and oxygen is released.
• Water also enters or escapes through the stomata

• Loss of water from the leaf by evaporation
• helps regulate leaf temperature.
• Also draws water into & through the xylem.

• Cotyledons
• Spines
• Tendrils
• Storage Leaves
• Bracts

Corolla and Calyx

Individual flowering unit of grasses

• Glumes
• Rachilla
• Florets
• Lemma
• Pales
• Lodicules
• Pistil
• Stamens

Leaflike bracts at base of spikelet and enclose the rest of spikelet

• Central axis of the spikelet
• Stalk-like structure that connects all the florets

• 1 or more per spikelet
• contain stamens and pistil with other bracts
• uppermost floret usually undeveloped and sterile

• The first bract at the base of the floret
• Its tip is called the awn

• A bract located just above and opposite the lemma
• Together, the lemma and palea enclose the stamens and pistil

• v. small bracts at base of pistil
• serve no known funcion except for identification

female organ of the plant

• Male reproductive organs of the plant
• in monocots, the stamens occur in multiples of 3
• most grasses have 3 stamens

• Protection
• it's the seed coat

• carbohydrates and other energy compounds for embryo during germination
• monocots tend to have endosperm even at the point of germination

seed leaf (scutellum)

Protective sheath for leaves during emergence

• embryonic foliar leaves
• becomes shoot

develops into the primary root

protective sheath around the radicle

scar where seed attached to ovary wall

minute scar where pollen tube entered the ovule before fertilization of egg

slight ridge along edge of seed

dicot seed coat

food reserves for seed dormancy and germination

• contains embryonic foliar leaves and epicotyl
• epicotyl is above cotyledons, attaches to plumule

elongates to pull the cotyledons and plumule out of the ground in epigeal emergence

• develops into primary root at germination
• becomes tap root

where two cotyledons attach to rest of embryo

• Activation/imbibation
• rapid absorption of water

• Lag Phase/Digestion & Translocation
• metabolic processes kick in

• Cell division & elongation
• radicle emerges first
• then plumule emerges

• cotyledons emerge above soil surface
• results from hypocotyl extension

• seed cotyledons remain underground
• results from epicotyl elongation

• cotyledons may protect apical meristem if unfavorable weather conditions occur
• herbivores may damage the cotyledons and not destroy the entire plant

• takes less energy for emergency
• can plant deeper for frost protection