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Three fundamental skills of attitude instrument flying
instrument cross-check, instrument interpretation, and aircraft control
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What is an instrument cross-check?
A instrument scan/cross-check is a logical way to check pertinent instruments as you need information
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Instrument scanning errors (3)
- Fixation - stare at single instrument
- Omission - excluding one or more instruments
- Emphasis - on a single instrument instead of a combination
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Control and performance concept
Once the control instruments are set, the airplane will perform as expected and can be backed up by using the performance instruments.
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Control Instruments consist of?
- Power indicators - Manifold pressure and tachometer
- The Attitude Indicator
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Performance instruments consist of?
- ASI
- Altimeter/VSI
- Turn coordinator
- Heading indicators
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Primary/Support Concept
Divides the panel into pitch, bank, and power instruments. Instruments which provide most essential information during a flight condition are primary, and those that help maintain are the supporting instruments.
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What is the only instrument that provides instant and direct aircraft attitude information?
Attitude Indicator
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Pitch Instruments (4)
- Airspeed
- Attitude
- Altimeter
- VSI
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Power Instruments (3)
- Airspeed Indicator
- Tach
- Manifold Pressure
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Bank Instruments (3)
- Attitude Indicator
- Turn Coordinator
- Heading Indicator
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Straight and Level Flight PRIMARY instruments
- Altimeter (Pitch)
- Heading Indicator (Bank)
- Airspeed Indicator (Power)
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Primary instrument for bank once ESTABLISHED in a turn
Supporting instrument for bank once ESTABLISHED in a turn
- Turn coordinator
- Attitude indicator
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Primary instrument for bank during straight flight
Supporting instruments for bank during straight flight
- Heading indicator
- Attitude indicator and turn coordinator
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Primary power instrument during level flight
Supporting power instruments during level flight
- Airspeed indicator
- Manifold pressure/tachometer
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Primary instrument for pitch while ESTABLISHED in a turn
Supporting instruments for pitch while ESTABLISHED in a turn
- Altimeter
- Attitude Indicator and the VSI
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Level-off from climbs and descents - general guide
Use 10% of vertical speed - that will be when you begin to level off. At a rate of 500fpm, add power at 150 to 100 feet from desired altitude and level off starting at 50ft from the altitude
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Nose High Recovery
Add power, pitch down, level the wings
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Nose low recovery
Decrease power, level the wings, pitch up
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What instruments should be used to make changes in pitch when flying with inoperative gyroscopic instruments?
VSI and airspeed indicator should be used to make smooth gradual changes.
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