BIO 202 Exam 1 Study Guide

What are the 2 things the concentration of a circulating hormone reflects?

What are the two kinds of local chemical messengers that are NOT considered part of the Endocrine System?

What is the body's ssecond greatest controlling system which influences metabolic activities of cells by means of hormones?

Do hormones circulate all tissues?

TRUE or FALSE
The precise response of hormones depends on the type of the target cell.
True False

Some endocrine glands secrete thier hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of certain critical ions and nutients. What are these stimuli called?

What specific thing must target cells have that the hormone binds to?

Prostaglandins released by smooth muscle cells that causesmooth muscle cells to contract is an example of which kind of chemical messenger of the endocrine system?

What are the 3 ways hormones are removed from the body?

Concentration of calcium ions in the blood is an example of which of the 3 major types of stimuli that trigger endocrine glands to manufacture and release thier hormones?

What do hormones regulate?

Hormone action on target cells alter plasma membrane permeability of membrane potential by doing what to the ion channels?

The Endocrine Sys. influences metabolic activities of cells by means of _____?

What are locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them?

What is known as the time required for a hormone's blood level to decrease by half?

Hormone action on _____ stimulates synthesis of proteins or regulatory molecules.

What binds to the receptors on target cells?

Which 6 glands are included in the endocrine glands?

Are target cell receptors intracellular or are they located in the plasma membrane?

What are hormones classified as?

Somatostatin released by 1 population of pancreatic cells inhibits (affects) other insulin releasing pancreatic cells is an example of which kind of chemical messenger found in the endocrine sys.?

Which type of hormone interaction is it when one hormone cannot exert its effects without another hormone being present?

Hormone action on target cells stimulate synthesis on what 2 things?

What are the 4 main characteristics of hormones?

What are biologically active lipids with local hormone-like activity?

Where would you find ACTH receptors?

What product do the pancreas and gonads produce?

Hormone action on target cells activate or deactive _____ systems.

What are the 3 main types of hormone interaction?

Where would you find Thyroxin receptors?

Do the endocrine responses occur more slower or faster than those of the nervous system?

On what does hormone action induce secretory activity?

Which type of hormone interaction is it when more than one hormone produces the same effects on a target cell?

What are the 3 types of hormones?

What are the 3 factors that target cell activation depend on?

Do the Endocrine Sys. responses tend to last shorter or longer than those of the nervouse system?

Hormone action on what activates or deactivates enzyme system?

Which type of hormone interaction is it when one or more hormones opposes the action of another hormone?

Which type of hormones are amines, thyroxine, peptide, and protein hormones part of?

Hormones influence the number of thier _____.

Which type of hormone interaction is the thyroid hormone and reproductive system a part of?

What in the endocrine system has both nuetral functions and releases hormones?

Do hormone action on target cells stimulate meiosis OR mitosis?

Which type of hormones are gonadal and adrenocortical hormones part of?

What are some examples of tissues and organs in the endocrine system that produce hormones?

Do target cells form more receptors to the hormone during up-regulation or down-regulation?

Which type of hormones are leukotrines and prostaglandins a part of?

Which type of hormone interaction is glucagon and epinephrine in release of live glucose and example of?

Hormone action on what stimulates mitosis?

What are long distance chemical signals that travel in the blood and lymph?

Regulatory G proteins are part of which mechanism that hormones alter target cell activity by?

Which type of hormone interaction is it between insulin and glucagon an example of?

Does insulin raise or lower blood sugar levels?

Does glucagon raise or lower blood sugar levels?

The interaction between what promts DNA transcription to produce mRNA?

Do target cells lose receptors in response to the hormone during up-regulation or down-regulation?

mRNA is translated into _____.

Amino-acid based hormones are part of which mechanism that hormones alter target cell activity by?

When hormones circulate in the blood, are they free or bound?

What are blood levels of hormones controlled by?

What kind of effect occurs when mRNA is translated into proteins?

What are chemicals that exert effects on the same cells that secrete them?

Unlike all the others that circulate without carriers, which hormones are attached to plasma proteins?

Steriod hormones are part of which mechanism that hormones alter target cell activity by?

What are the 3 kinds of stimuli that hormones are synthesized and released in response to?

Hormones circulate to all tissues by only activate cells known as what?

Which kind of chemical messenger is part of the endocrine system?

What kind of stimuli would the concentration of Ca²⁺ ions in the blood be an example of?

Declining blood Ca²⁺ concentration stimulates the parathyroid glands to secrete _____.

The parathyroid glands secrete PTH when blood Ca²⁺ levels incline OR decline?

Does the release of PTH from the parathyroid glands cause Ca²⁺ concentrations to rise or decline?

When blood sugar levels get too high, what puts Ca⁺ back into the bone?

What removes Ca²⁺ out of the bone and is the antagonist to calcitonin?

In which stimuli that hormones are synthesized and released in response to do nerve fibers stimulate hormone release?

Sympathetic nervous system fibers stimulate the adrenal medulla to secrete _____.

What are the 3 catecholamines?

The release of hormones in response to hormones produced by other endocrine organs is part of which stimuli?

The hypothalmus secretes hormones that stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to secrete hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones. This is an ex. of which stimuli?

Which system in the body can overide normal endocrine controls?

Normally, which system in the body controls blood glucose?

Under stress, the body needs more _____.

Under stress, the hypothamlus and sympathetic nervouse system are activated to supply ample glucose. What is this an example of?

What is the two-lobed organ that secretes 9 major hormones?

What is the infundibulum and the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland called?

What kind of tissue is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland made up of?

Which lobe of the pituitary gland recieves, stores, and releases hormones from the hypothalamus?

Can neurological tissue make hormones?

What is the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland called?

What kind of tissue is the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) of the pituitary gland made up of?

Which lobe of the pituitary gland synthesizes and secretes a number of hormones?

Can glandular tissue make hormones?

Which lobe of the pituitary gland is a downgrowth of hypothalmic neural tissue?

What kind of connection does the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland have with the hypothalmus that is also known as the hypothamlic-hypophyseal tract?

The nuclei of the hypothamus synthesize (make) which 2 hormones?

Which lobe of the pituitary gland are the 2 hormones made by the hypothalmus transported to?

Which 2 hormones are transported from the hypothalmus to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

Which organ are ALL releasing and inhibiting hormones made by?

What are the 6 anterior pituitary hormones?

Are all anterior pituitary hormones proteins?

Which anterior pituitary hormone is the only ant. hormone that doesn NOT activate cyclic AMP (cAMP) second- messenger systems at thier targets?

What kind of hormones regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands?

Which anterior pituitary hormones are all tropic hormones (regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands)?

The hypothalmus sends a chemical stimulus to which pituitary lobe?

What are the 2 kinds of chemical stimuli the hypothalamus sends to the anterior pituitary?

Which chemical stimuli released by the hypothalmus to the anterior pituitary, stimulates the synthesis and release of hormones?

Which chemical stimuli released by the hypothalmus to the anterior pituitary, shut off the synthesis and release of hormones?

The human growth hormone (hGH) is produced by cells called _____.

The Human Growth Hormone stimulates most cells, but what two things does it target?

What does the Human Growth Hormone (hGH) promote?

The Human Growth Hormone (hGH) encourages the use of what for fuel?

Most effects of the Human Growth Hormone (hGH) are mediated indirectly by what?

What does an Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF) Test test?

What hormones regulate the Human Growth Hormone (hGH)?

What are the 2 types of antagonistic hypothalmic hormones that regulate Human Growth Hormone (hGH)?

Does GHRH or GHIH timulate hHG release?

Does GHRH or GHIH inhibits hGH release?

Is somatostatin a part of GHRH or GHIH?

GHRH and GHIH are made by which organ?

As a direct action, what 4 things does the Growth Hormone stimulate to produce insulin-like growth factors?

As a direct action of the growth hormone, it stimulates the liver, skeletal muscle, bone and cartilage to produce what?

T or F
The growth hormone mobalizes fats.
True False

Explain the anti-insulin effect of growth hormone.

What are the 2 homeostatic imbalances of Growth Hormone?

What is the result of Hypersecretion in children?

What is the result of Hypersecretion in adults?

What is the result of Hyposecretion in children?

What is the Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (Thrytropin) produced by?

The Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (Thrytropin) stimulates normal development and secretory activity of which organ?

The Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) is stimulated by which hormone?

How is the release of the Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (Thrytropin) inhibited?

Which antior pituitary hormone is secreted by corticotrophs of the anterior pituitary?

Which anterior pituitary hormone stimulates the normal development and secretory activity of the thyroid?

Which anterior pituitary hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteriods?

The Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH or Cortcotropin) stimulates the adrenal cortex to release what?

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH or Cortcotropin) is triggered by which hormone in a daily rhythm?

The Corticotropic-releasing hormone is found in which organ?

Internal and external factors such as fever, hypoglycermia, and stressors can alter the release of which hormone?

Which 2 anterior pituitary hormoes are referred to as gonadotropins?

Which anterior pituitary hormones are secreted by gonadotrophs of the anterior pituitary?

Which anterior pituitary hormone stimulates gamete (egg or sperm) production?

Which anterior pituitary hormone promotes production of gonadal hormones?

Which anterior pituitary hormones are absent in prepubertal boy and girls?

Which hormone are gonadotropins triggered by and when?

Gonadotropins are suppressed (stopped) by which hormones? (feedback)

In females, which two anterior pituitary hormones work together to cause maturation of the ovarian follicle?

In females, leutenizing hormone (LH) works with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) to cause what?

In females, which anterior pituitary hormone works alone to trigger ovulation? (expulsion of the egg from the follicle)

In females, which anterior pituitary hormone promotes synthesis and release of estrogens and progesterone?

In males, which anterior pituitary hormone stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to produce testosterone?

In males, the leutenizing hormone stimulates interstial cells of the testes to produce what?

Which anterior pituitary hormone is secreted by lactotrophs of the anterior pituitary?

Which anterior pituitary hormone stimulates milk production?

Prolactin (PRL) is primarily controlled by which hormone?

Do blood levels rise towards the beginning or end of preganacy?

After birth, an infant's suckling stimulates the release of which anterior pituitary hormone that will promote continued milk production?

Is the anterior or posterior pituitary made up of axons of the hypothalmic neurons?

Which 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary store?

Does the posterior pituitary synthesize oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (AHD)?

Vasopressin also goes byt he name of which hormone?

Which hormone that is stored in the posterior pituitary influences water balance?

Which hormone that is stored in the posterior pituitary stimulates smooth muscle contraction in breasts and uterus?

Does ADH or oxytocin use PIP-calium second-messenger mechanism?

Which hormone that is found in the posterior pituitary is a strong stimulant of uterine contraction?

Is ocytocin in the blood regulated by postive feedback mechanism or negative feedback mechanism?

What happens in women when blood levels of oxytocin rise during labor?

Which hormone of the posterior pituitary triggers milk ejection ("letdown" reflex) in women producing milk?

Which hormone of the posterior pituitary plays a role in sexual arousal and orgasm in males and females?

Which hormone of the posterior pituitary helps to avoid dehydration or water overload?

Which hormone of the posterior pituitary prevents urine formation?

What are hypothalamus neurons that monitor the solute concentration of the blood?

Does ADH preserve water ith high or low solutes?

When ADH is not released, this causes water loss. Is this with high or low solutes?

What inhibits ADH release and causes copious urine output?

Alcohol inbitbits the release of with posterior pituitary hormone, cauing copious urine output?

Which syndrome is one result of ADH deficiency and is marked by the output of huge amounts of urine and intense thirst?

Which homeostatic imbalance of ADH occurs after neurosurgery, trauma, or secreted by cancer cells?

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) is caused by which homeostatic imbalance of ADH, ADH deficency or ADH hypersecretion?

Is Diabetes Insipidus caused by ADH deficency or ADH hypersecretion?

Is a huge output of urine and intense thirst caused by ADH deficency or ADH hypersecretion?

What is the largest endocrine gland?

What is the major metabolic hormone?

What are the two related iodine-containing compounds the thryoid hormone consists of?

Which iodine-containing compound of the thyroid hormone has 2 tryosine molecules plus 4 bound iodine atoms?

Which iodine-containing compound of the thyroid hormone has 2 tryosine molecules plus 3bound iodine atoms?

Which of the two related iodine-containing compounds of the thyroid hormone binds to target receptors? T₄ OR T₃?

Which of the two iodine-cintaining compounds is ten times more active?T4 OR T3?

What tissues convert T₄ to T₃?

Do peripheral tissues convert T₃ to T₄ OR T₄ to T₃?

Which hormone increases metabolic rate and heat production (calorigenic effect)?

What are the 4 main roles of the thyroid hormone?

Rising thyroid hormone level sprovide negative feedback inhibition on the release of which hormone?

Does rising or declining thyroid hormone levels provide negative feedback inhibition on release of thyroid-stimulating hormone?

Rising thyroid hormone levels provide negative or positive feedback inhibition on the release of the thyroid-stimulating hormone?

Which hormone can overcome the negative feedback during pregnancy or exposure to cold?

Hyposecretion of the thyroid hormone in adults can lead to which 3 diseases?

Severe hypothyroidism is a cause of which hyposecretion disease of the thyroid hormone in adults?

What is an autoimmune disease and the most common cause of hypothyroidism?

Which disease results in enlargement of the thyroid due to lack of iodine?

Hyposecretion of the thyroid hormone in infants can lead to which disease?

What disease results in dwarfed stature and mental retardation?

Hypersecretion of the thyroid hormone results in which disease?

Which disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, characterized by goiter (enlarged thyroid) and expothalamos (protuberance of one or both eyes)?

What is the peptide hormone produced by the parafollicular cells of the thryoid?

Does calcitonin raise or lowers blood calcium levels in children?

What is the antagonist to the parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

What targets the skeleton, where it inhibits osteoclast activity (& thus bone resorption) and release of calcium from the bone matrix?

What targets the skeleton and stimulates calcium uptake and incorporation into the bone matrix?

What is calcitonin regulated by?

What are tiny glands (usually 4) embedded in the posterior aspect of the thryoid?

What hormone do the chief cells of the parathyroid glands secrete?

What is the most important hormone in calcium homeostasis?

Rising calcium in the blood inhibits the release of which hormone?

Which homeostatic imbalance of the PTH results due to a tumor?

Bones soften and deform in hyperparathyroidism or hypoparathyroidism?

Elevated calcium depresses the nervous sys. and contributes to formation of kidney stones in hyperparathyroidism or hypoparathyroidism?

Which homeostatic imbalance of the PTH results following gland trauma or removal?

Does hyperparathyroidism or hypoparathyroidism result in tetany, respiratory paralysis, and death?

What are the paired, pyramid shaped organs atop the kidneys?

Structurally and funtionally, the adrenal glands are 2 glands in one. What are the names of the 2 glands?

Which gland of the adrenal glands is made up of nervous tissue?

Which gland of the adrenal glands is part of the sympathetic nervous sys.?

Which gland of the adrenal glands has 3 layers of glandular tissue that synthesize and secrete corticosteroids?

Which adrenal gland synthesizes and releases steriod hormones called corticosteriods?

What kind of corticosteriods are produced in the zona glomerulosa (superficial layer of the adrenal cortex)?

Which corticosteriod in the adrenal cortex is chiefly aldosterone?

What kind of corticosteriods are produced in the zona fasciculata (middle later of the adrenal cortex)?

Which corticosteriod in the adrenal cortex is chiefly cortisol?

What kind of corticosteriods are produced in the zona reticularis (innermost layer of the adrenal cortex)?

Which corticosteriod in the adrenal cortex is chiefly androgens?

Which corticosteriod in the adrenal cortex regulate elecrolytes in extracellular fluids?

What is the most important mineralocorticoid?

What maintains sodium balance by reducing excretion of the sodium from the body?

What stimulates reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys?

Which homeostatic imbalance involves hypersecretion due to adrenal tumors?

What are two major problems that result from aldosteronism?

How do glucocorticoids help the body resist stress?

What is the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrates called?

What are the 2 things cortisol provokes?

What are the 2 homeostatic imbalances of glucocorticoids?

Which homeostatic imbalances of glucocorticoids is hypersecretory?

Which homeostatic imbalances of glucocorticoids is hyposecretory?

Which homeostatic imbalances of glucocorticoids depresses cartilage and bone formation?

Which homeostatic imbalances of glucocorticoids inhibits inflammation (slowing tissue repair)?

Which homeostatic imbalances of glucocorticoids depresses the immune system?

Which homeostatic imbalances of glucocorticoids promotes changes in cardiovasular, neural, and gastrointestinal funtion?

Which homeostatic imbalances of glucocorticoids also involves deficits in mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)?

Which homeostatic imbalances of glucocorticoids results in a decrease in glucose and sodium levels?

Which homeostatic imbalances of glucocorticoids results in weight loss, severe dehydration, and hypotension?

PTH release increases Ca²⁺ in the blood as it gives what 3 effects?

Is the adrenal medulla the inside or the outside of the adrenal glands?

Is the adrenal cortex the outer (superficial) or inside of the adrenal glands?

Is Addison's disease hypersecretion or hyposecretion?

Is Cushing's Syndrome disease hypersecretion or hyposecretion?

In response to stress, the hypothalmus releases which hormone?

In response to stress the hypothalamus releases corticotropin releasing-hormone (CRH), which causes the anterior pituitary to release which hormone?

In response to stress the hypothalamus releases corticotropin releasing-hormone (CRH), which causes the anterior pituitary to release ACTH (corticotropin), which causes the release of _____ from the adrenal cortex.

What are 5 things that prolonged exposure to excess cortisol causes?

What are male sex hormones called?

What are sex hormones called?

Most gonadocorticoids are androgens (male sex hormones) that are converted to __1__ in tissue cells or __2__ in females.

Which hormones may contribute to the onset of puberty, the appearance of secondary sex characteristics, or sex drive?

In the adrenal medulla, chromaffin cells secrete 80% __1__ and 20% __2__.

What are the 4 causes of the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine secreted by the chromatin cells of the adrenal medulla?

What hormone that is secreted in the adrenal medulla stimulates metabolic activities, bronchial dilation, and blood flow to skeletal muscles and the heart?

What hormone that is secreted in the adrenal medulla influences peripheral vasconstriction and blood pressure?

What is the triangluar gland behind the stomach?

Does the pancreas have exocrine or endocrine cells?

Are the aciner cells in the pancreas exocrine OR endocrine cells?

Which cells in the pancreas produce an enzyme-rich juice for digestion?

T or F:
Roughly 99% of cells produce digestive enzymes
True False

What in the pancrease contain endocrine cells?

What are the 2 kinds of cells in the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)?

Which kind of cell in the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) produce glucagon (a hyperglycemic hormone)?

Which kind of cell in the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) produce insulin (a hypoglycemic hormone)

Is glucagon a hyperglycemic or hypoglycemic hormone?

Is insulin a hyperglycemic or hypoglycemic hormone?

What organ is glucagon's major target?

Glucagon promotes what 4 things in the liver?

What is glycogenolysis?

What is the synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbohydrates called?

What would be considered a normal blood level(s) of glucose?

Does insulin raise or lower blood glucose levels?

What 2 things does insulin enhance membrane transport of glucose into?

Which hormone participates in neuronal development, learning, and memory?

Does insulin release or inhibit glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis?

What are 2 homeostatic imbalances of insulin?

Which homeostatic imbalance of insulin occurs due to hypersecretion or hyposecretion of insulin?

What are the 3 cardinal signs of Diabetes mellitus (DM)?

What is Polyuria and what homeostatic imbalance of insulin is it a part of?

What is Polydipsia and what homeostatic imbalance of insulin is it a part of?

What is Polyphagia and what homeostatic imbalance of insulin is it a part of?

Which homeostatic imbalance of insulin is due to excessive insulin secretion and results in hypoglycemia, disorientation, and unconsciousness?

What are the female gonads?

What are the 3 things that the female gonads are responsible for?

What are the male gonads?

What initiates maturation of male reporductive organs?

What causes appearance of secondary sexual characteristics and sex drive in males?

Is testosterone nercessary for sperm production?

What maintains sex organs in thier functional states?

What is the small gland hanging from the roof of the 3rd ventricle of the brain?

Pinealocytes are cells found in which gland?

Pinealocytes secrete _____, which is derived from serotinin.

What are 3 things melatonin may affect?

What is the lobulated gland located deep to the sternum?

What are the 2 major hormonal products of the thymus?

Thymopoietins and thymosins are essential for the developement (maturation) of which cells of the immune system?

Which organ produces atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), which reduces blood pressure, blood volume, and blood sodium concentration?

What reduces blood pressure, blood volume, and blood sodium and is produced in the heart?

In which organ do enteroendocrine cells release local-acting digestive hormones?

Which organ releases hormones that influence the course of preganancy?

Which organs secretes erythropoietin, which signals the production of red blood cells?

What is secreted by the kidneys and signals the production of red blood cells?

Which organ produces cholecalciferol, the precursor of vitamin D?

What is produced by the skin and is the precursor of vitamin D?

What releases leptin, which is involved in the sensation of satiety, and stimulates increased energy expenditure?

What is released by adipose tissue and is involved in the sensation of satiety?

What are some things that can disrupt hormone function?

Do growth hormones incline or decline with age?

Does the thyroid hormone incline or decline with age?

As the thyroid hormone declines with age, what does this contribute to?

Do the parathyroid hormone levels change or are they constant with age?

What makes older women more vulnerable to bone-demineralizing effects of the PTH?

What is a fluid connective tissue?

What is blood composed of?

What are red blood cells called?

What are white blood cells called?

What is the percent of blood volume of RBCs for males?

What is the percent of blood volume of RBCs for females?

The color of blood varies to which colors?

What is the pH of blood?

What is the termperature of blood?

Blood accounts for approx. what % of the body's weight?

What is the average volume of blood for a male?

What is the average volume of blood for a female?

What are the 3 distributive functions of the blood?

What are the 3 regulation functions of the blood?

What are the 2 protective functions of the blood?

When a blood vessel is damaged, what initiate the clot formation?

To prevent infections, what 3 things are drifting along in the blood to defend the body against foreign invaders?

What % of blood plasma is water?

Excluding water, what are the 7 other components of blood plasma?

What make up the formed elements of the blood?

Which of the formed elements of blood are the only ones that are considered to be complete cells?

Which of the formed elements of blood do not have a nucleus or organelles?

Which of the formed elements of blood are just cell fragments?

Do most cells of the blood divide?

Are most blood cells renewed by cells in bone marrow?

Which of the formed elements of blood are biconcave discs?

Which of the formed elements of blood are anucleuate?

Which of the formed elements of blood do not have organelles?

Which of the formed elements of blood is filled with hemoglobin (Hb)?

What is a protein that functions in gas transport?

Which of the formed elements of blood is a perfect example of complementarity of structure and function?

Not counting water, erythrocytes are more than 97% ____.

Do erythrocytes consume the gas they transport?

What function/job are RBC dedicated to (main goal)?

What protein in the RBCs reversibly binds with oxygen?

Most oxygen in the blood is bound to _____.

Hemoglobin is made up of the protein __1__ bound to the red __2__ pigment

Each heme group bears an atom of __1__, which can bind to one __2__ molecule.

Each heme group bears an atom of iron, which can bind to how many oxygen molecules?

Each hemoglobin molecule can transport how many molecules of oxygen?

Each hemoglobin molecule can transport 4 molecules of what?

What is hemoglobin bound to oxygen called?

Where does oxygen loading take place?

What is the result of hemoglobin after ocygen diffuses into tissues?

What is also known as reduced hemoglobin?

What is called/ result of hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide?

Where does carbon dioxide loading take place in?

What is known as blood cell formation?

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

What give rise to all formed elements of the blood?

What is also known as a hematopoietic stem cell?

What is red blood cell production called?

During Erythropoiesis, does the number of red blood cell formation remain constant?

Erythropoiesis (red blood cell production) reflects a balance between what 2 things?

What does too few RBCs lead to?

What does the formation of too many RBCs cause?

How is Erythropoiesis (red blood cell production) controlled?

Erythropoiesis depends on adequate supplies of what 3 things?

Which hormone direct stimulus for Erythropoiesis?

Which hormone is released by the kidneys in response to hypoxia?

Erythropoietin is released by the __1__ in response to __2__.

Whhat are the 3 causes of hypoxia?

Enhanced erythropoiesis increases what 2 things?

What could enhance EPO production, resulting higher RBC counts in males?

What 6 raw materials are required for erythropoiesis dietary requirements?

Which 4 places is iron stored? Which one of these is 65% of it stored in?

Iron is stored in cells as what 2 things?

Iron is transported loosely bound to the protein _____.

What are normal ferratin levels in males?

What are normal ferratin levels in females?

What is the life span of an erythrocyte?

What happens to olf RBCs and thier hemoblobin?

What are dying RBCs engulfed by?

What happens to the iron when RBCs become old?

Which disorder does blood have abnormally low oxygen carrying capacity?

T or F:
Anemia is a sympton rather than a disease itself.
True False

For someone who is anemic, can thier blood oxygen levels support normal metabolism?

What are some signs/ symptoms of Anemia?

What are the 3 main causes of Anemia?

What are the 3 Anemic disorders that are caused by insufficient erythrocytes?

Which anemic disorder that is caused by insufficient eyrthocytes results from acute or chronic loss of blood?

Which anemic disorder that is caused by insufficient eyrthocytes occurs when RBCs rupture prematurely?

Which anemic disorder that is caused by insufficient eyrthocytes results from the destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow?

What are the 2 anemic disorders that are caused by low hemoglobin content?

Which anemic disorder that is caused by low hemoglobin content is a secondary result of hemorrhagic anemia?

Which anemic disorder that is caused by low hemoglobin content results in inadequate intake of iron-containing foods?

Which anemic disorder that is caused by low hemoglobin content results from impaired iron absorption?

Which anemic disorder that is caused by low hemoglobin content results from deficiency of vitamin B₁₂?

Which anemic disorder that is caused by low hemoglobin content results from lack of intristic factor needed for absorption of B₁₂?

Which anemic disorder that is caused by low hemoglobin content is treated by intramuscular injection of B₁₂ or application of Nascobal (B₁₂ nasal spray) or sublingual B₁₂?

Which anemic disorder that is caused by abnormal hemoglobin results from an absent or faulty globin chain?

Which anemic disorder that is caused by abnormal hemoglobin occurs when RBCs are thin, delicate, and deficient in hemoglobin?

Which anemic disorder that is caused by abnormal hemoglobin is most common in people of Mediterranean decent?

Which anemic disorder that is caused by abnormal hemoglobin is the most common genetic disorder worldwide?

Which anemic disorder that is caused by abnormal hemoglobin has defectiv gene codes for abnormal hemoglobin (HBS)?

How many defective genes does sickle-cell anemia have?

Which anemic disorder that is caused by abnormal hemoglobin causes RBCs to become sickle shaped in low oxygen situiations?

Do sickle cells rupture easily?

What is one defective gene of sickle cell anemia?

T or F:
The sickle cell trait usually does not have any symptoms but can pass it to their children.
True False

The sickle cell trait usually does not have symptoms, but could be passed on to their children. What disease does this trait increase immunity to?

How often does sickle cell anemia occur in African American births?

How often does sickle cell anemia occur in in Hispanic American births?

What disease results from an abnormal excess of RBCs that increase blood viscosity?

What are the 3 main polycythemias?

Which of the 3 main polycythemias is a bone marrow cancer?

Which of the 3 main polycythemias results when less oxygen is available or EPOproduction increases?

Which of the 3 main polycythemias is normal in individuals living in high altitudes?

Which of the 3 main polycythemias is practiced by some athletes competing in aerobic events?

Which of the 3 main polycythemias results in greater endurance and speed?

What are the only blood components that are complete cells?

What percent of the total blood volume are WBCs?

Which are more numerous? RBCs or WBCs?

Which kind of blood cells can leave capillaries via diapedesis and move through tissue space?

WBCs can leave capillaries via _____ and move through tissue spaces.

With the exception of lympocytes, about how long do WBCs live?

How long can lymphocytes live?

Does leukopenia increase or decrease in WBCs?

A WBC count of over 11,000/ mm³ is made up of what?

What condition is a normal response to bacterial or viral invasion, strenuous excerise, anesthesia, and surgery?

What are the 3 things granulocytes include?

Are granulocytes smaller or larger than RBCs?

Are granulocytes usually shorter or longer-lived than RBCs?

Besides being WBCs, what kind of cells are granulocytes?

What kind of nuclei do granulocytes have?

Which are the most numerous of the WBCs and are a part of granulocytes?

Besides being WBCs and granulocytes, what kind of cells are neutrophils?

What do neutrophils respond most quickly to?

Neutrophils respond most quickly to tissue damage by bacteria by using what 3 things?

Which WBCs that are a part of granulocytes, lead the body's counterattack against parasitic worms?

Which WBCs, that are a part of granulocytes, lessen the severity of allergies by phagocytizing immune complexes?

What are the rarest WBCs?

Which WBCs, that are a part of granulocytes, are functionally similar to mast cells?

Which WBCs that are a part of granulocytes, have large, purplish-black granules that contain histamine?

What is an inflammitary chemical that acts as a vasodilator and attracts other WBCs?

What counter the effects of histamines?

What are the 2 kinds of agranulocytes?

Which WBCs lack visible cytoplasmic granules?

Which WBCs have spherical or kidney-shaped nuclei?

Where would you find MOST lymphocytes and where would you find a few?

What are the 2 types of lymphocytes?

Which type of lymphocytes act against virus-infected cells and tumor cells?

Which type of lymphocytes give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies?

Which WBCs are the largest leukocytes?

Which WBCs leave the circulation, enter tissue, and differentiate into macrophages?

Are macrophages highly mobile and avtively phagocytic?

What activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response?

What is known as the production of WBCs?

What is referred to as a cancerous condition involving WBCs?

Leukemias are named according to the abnormal WBCs involved. What are the 2 different kinds of these abnormal WBCs?

Which of the 2 different kinds of leukemia involve myeloblasts?

Which of the 2 different kinds of leukemia involve lymphocytes?

Does chronic or acute leukemia involve blast-type cells?

Does chronic or acute leukemia primarily affect children?

Is chronic or acute leukemia more prevalent in older people?

What is found in the blood stream of all leukemias?

In leukemia, bone marrow becomes totally occupied with cancerous _____.

Are the numerous of WBCs produced in leukemia functional?

What causes death in leukemia?

What are some treatments for leukemia?

What is another word for platelets?

What are platelets fragments of?

What are fragments of megakaryocytes?

Platelets funtion in the _____ mechanism by forming a temporary plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels.

Whats the life-span of a platelet?

What are 2 kinds of stem cell transplants?

In a bone marrow transplant, a recipient's red bone marrow is replaced entirely by healthy, noncancerous cells to establish what?

In a bone marrow transplant, how long does it take to begin producing enough WBCs to fight off infections?

Which disease is caused by transplanted bone marrow that may produce T cells that attack host tissue?

Which of the 2 Stem cell transplants is more likely to cause Graft-versus-host-disease?

Ina  cord-blood transplant, where are stem cells obtained from and when?

Are stem cells for a cord-blood transplant easily obtained and can be stored indefinitely?

Which of the 2 Stem cell transplants is more less to cause Graft-versus-host-disease?

What is a series of reactions for stoppage of bleeding?

During hemostasis, what are the 3 phases that occur in rapid sequence?

During hemostasis, do platelets stick to eachother?

During hemostasis, do platelets stick to blood vessels?

The platelet plug is limited to the immediate area of injury by _____.

What are the 3 phases of coagulation?

What are the 2 steps after hemostasis occurs?

Which hemostasis disorder results from a clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel?

In Thrombus, thrombi can block circulation, resulting in what?

What disease results from thrombus in the blood vessel of the heart?

Which hemostasis disorder results from a thrombus freely floating in the blood stream?

Which kind of Embolus can impair the ability of the body to obtain oxygen? Pulmonary or cerebral?

Which kind of Embolus can cause strokes? Pulmonary or cerebral?

What kind of substance that is used to prevent undesirable clots is an anticoagulant that is used clinically for pre and postoperative cardiac care?

What kind of substance that is used to prevent undesirable clots is used for those prone to atrial fibrillation?

What are 3 substances used to prevent undesirable clots?

Which hemostasis disorder results in widespread clotting in intact blood vessels?

In the hemostasis disorder, Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC), can residual blood clot?

In the hemostasis disorder, Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC), what follows after when residual blood cannot clot?

What are 2 things Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is most common as?

What hemostasis disorder (bleeding disorder) is a condition where the number of circulating platelets is deficient?

Do to spontaneous, widespread hemorrage, what do patients with Thrombocytopenia show?

Which hemostasis disorder (bleeding disorder) is caused by suppression or destruction of bone marrow (malignancy, radiation)?

In the diagnosis for Thrombocytopenia, what is the number of platelet counts?

Which hemostasis disorder is treated with transfusion of concentrated platelets?

Which kind of bleeding disorder has an inability to synthesize procoagulants?

Which bleeding disorder causes include vitamin K deficiency, hepatitis, and cirrhosis?

Which bleeding disorder can prevent the liver from producing bile, impairing fat and vitamin K absorption?

Hemophilias include several similar hereditary bleeding disorders. Which one is the most common type (77% of all cases)?

Hemophilias include several similar hereditary bleeding disorders. Which one is due to a deficiency of factor VIII?

Hemophilias include several similar hereditary bleeding disorders. Which one is due to defienciency of factor IX?

Hemophilias include several similar hereditary bleeding disorders. Which is the mild type?

Hemophilias include several similar hereditary bleeding disorders. Which one is due to deficiency of factor XI?

Which bleeding disorder has symptoms that include prolonged bleeding, especially into joint cavities?

Which bleeding disorder is treated with plasma transfusions and injection of missing factors?

When are whole-blood transfusions used?

What are packed red cells (plasma removed) in blood transfusions used to do?

Can a blood transfusion of incompatible blood be fatal?

What do RBC membranes have on thier external surfaces?

What is the presence or absence of the glycoprotein antigens used to classify?

Are glycoprotein antigens unique to the individual?

Are glycoprotein antigens recognized as foreign if transfused into another individual?

What are promoters of agglutination (clumping of cells) referred to as?

Which blood group consists of 2 antigens on the surface of the RBCs and 2 antibodies in the plasma?

What are the 2 antigens in the ABO blood groups?

What are the 2 antibodies in the plasma of the ABO blood group?

Do ABO blood groups have various types of antigens and preformed antibodies?

Agglutinogens and thier corresponding antibodies cannot be mized without serious _____ reactions.

What is the presence of the Rh agglutinogens on RBCs indicated as?

Are anti-Rh antibodies spontaneously formed in Rh- individuals?

If an Rh–individual receives Rh+ blood, what forms?

What will a second exposure to Rh+blood result in?

What is the hemolytic disease of the newborn known as?

In which disease do Rh+ antibodies of a sensitized Rh– mother cross the placenta and attack and destroy the RBCs of an Rh+ baby

In the hemolytic newborn diease, erythroblastosis fetalis, when the Rh- mother become sensitized when exposure to Rh+ blood, what does it cause her body to synthesize?

What drug can prevent the Rh- mother to be sensitized in the hemolytic diease erythroblastosis fetalis?

What does treatmentof hemolytic disease of the newborn involve?

When do transfusion reactions occur?

When donor cells are attacked by therecipient’s plasma agglutinins, what 4 things does it cause?

Your heart is approx. the size of what?

The heart is in the superior surface of the _____.

Is the heart right or left of the midline?

Anterior or Posterior:
The heart is __1__ to the vertebral column and __2__ to the sternum.

What is the double walled sac around the heart called?

 pericardium composed of?

Which layer of the pericardium potects, anchors, and prevents overfilling of the heart?

What 2 layers is the deep two-layer serous pericardium composed of?

Which of the two layers of the deep two-layer serous pericardium, lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium?

Which of the two layers of the deep two-layer serous pericardium, lines the surface of the heart?

What are the parietal and visceral (epicardial) layers of the serous pericardium seperated by to deacrease friction?

What is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium called?

What is the cardiac muscle layer forming the bulk of the heart called?

What % of the heart is cardiac muscle?

What is the endothelial layer of the inner myocardial surface called?

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?

How many chambers does the heart have?

How many atria are in the heart and what are they seperated by?

Are the 2 atria in the heart seperated internally or externally by the interatrial septum?

What encircles the junction of the atria and ventricles of the heart?

How many ventricles does the heart have?

What are the ventricles of the heart seperated by?

What externally mark the postion of the interventricular septum?

What are known as the receiving chambers in the heart?

The walls of the atria are ridged by _____ muscles.

Which vessels enter from the right atrium?

Which vessels enter from the left atrium?

What are known as the discharging chambers of the heart?

The walls of the ventricles are ridged by what?

In the ventricles, _____ mucles project into the ventricular cavities

Which vessel leaves the right ventricle?

Which vessel leaves the left ventricle?

How many side-by-side pumps is the heart?

Which side is the pump for the pulmonary circuit in the heart?

Vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs are from which pump and which circuit?

Which side is the pump for the systemic circuit in the heart?

Vessels that carry blood to and from the all body tissues are from which pump and which circuit?

Does the right or the left ventricle of the heart have thicker and stronger myocardium?

What is the pathway of the blood through the heart from the right atrium to the right ventricle?

What is the pathway of the blood through the heart from the right ventricle to the lungs?

What is the pathway of the blood from the lungs to the left atrium?

What is the pathway of the blood from the left ventricle to the aorta?

The pathway of the blood goes through which pathway before it goes through the systemic circulation?

What is known as the functional blood supply t the heart muscle itself?

What are the 3 main structures of coronary circulation?

Which of the 3 main structures of coronary circulation branch from the ascending aorta?

Which of the 3 main structures of coronary circulation collects in the coronary sinus?

Do coronary veins empty into the right or the left atrium?

Thoracic pain caused by a fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to the myocardium is a characteristic of which homeostatic imbalance?

What happens to the cells in the homeostatic imbalance, Angina pectoris?

Which homeostatic imbalance is caused by prolonged coronary blockage?

What is another name for heart attack?

In a myocardial infarction, what are areas of the cell death repaired with?

What ensure unidirectional blood flow through the heart?

Which heart valves lie between the atria and the ventricles?

Which atrioventricular (AV) valve is the tricuspid valve? Right or left?

Which atrioventricular (AV) valve is the mitral and bicuspid valve? Right or left?

Which heart valves prevent backflow into the atria when ventricles contract?

__1__ muscles contract, tightening the __2__ to close the AV valves.

The papillary muscles contract tightening chordae tendinae to clode the AV valves. What does this help prevent?

Which heart valve lies between the left ventricle and the aorta?

Which heart valve lies between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk?

What do the semilunar valves of the blood help prevent?

When do heart valves open?

Are there any valves guarding the entrance to the atria?

True or False:
Cardiac muscle is striated.
True False

Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary?

In the heart muscle, what anchor cardiac cells together and allow free passage of ions?

What does the heart muscle behave as?

Does the functional syncytium in the heart muscle behave as a single coordinated unit?

Is depolarization of the heart rhythmic and spontaneous?

About 1% of cardiac cells are self- excitable, meaning they have _____.

What is it called when something can initiate their own depolarization and the rest of the heart as well?

Does the heart muscle contract s a unit or in parts?

Does the heart muscle have a short or long absolute refractory period?

What other muscle contraction is cardiac muscle contraction similar to?

At what rate do sinoatrial (SA) nodes (pacemaker) generate impulses?

In which area that takes place in sequence of excitation does the heart depolarizes faster than any other part of the myocardium?

Autorhythmic cells that play a role in the sequence of excitation are found in which 5 areas?

Which of the 5 areas that play a role in the sequence of excitation is the impulse delayed for about 0.1 seconds?

In the atrioventricular node, a delay impulse of approx. _____ second(s) allows the atria to respond and complete contraction before the ventricles contract.

Which of the 5 areas that play a role in the sequence of excitation is only electricle connection between the atria and ventricles?

Which of the 5 areas that play a role in the sequence of excitation is made up of 2 pathways in the interventricular septum that carry impulses towrad the apex of the heart?

Which of the 5 areas that play a role in the sequence of excitation complete the pathway into the apex and ventricular walls?

Which 2 homeostatic imbalances can defects in the intrinstic conduction system may result in?

Which homeostatic imbalance results from irregular heart rhythms and uncoordinated atrial and ventricular contractions?

Which homeostatic imbalance results from rapid, irregular contractions and is useless for pumping blood?

Is Fibrillation useful for pumping blood?

A defective sinoatrial (SA) node may result in which homeostatic imbalance?

Which homeostatic imbalance occurs when an abnormal pacemaker takes over?

What will happen if an atrioventricular (AV) node takes over in the homeostatic imbalnce, Ectopic Focus?

A defective atrioventricular (AV) node may result in which homeostatic imbalance?

In a heart block, how many sinoatrial (SA) nodes reach the ventricle?

What center is the heart stimulated by?

What center is the heart inhibited by?

Electrical avtivity in the heart is recorded by what?

An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) has 3 waves (or deflections), What are 3 waves?

Which of the 3 waves of an EKG results from the depolarization of the sinoatrial (SA) node?

Which of the 3 waves of an EKG results from ventricular depolarization?

Is atrial repolarization masked by the smaller or large QRS complex?

Which of the 3 waves of an EKG results from ventricular repolarization?

What are heart sounds (lub dub) associated with?

Do the first heart sounds occur when the AV valves open or close?

The first heart sounds occur as atrioventricular (AV) valves close and signify the beginning of which cardiac cycle?

Do the first sounds of the heart occur when the AV valves or the SL valves close?

Do the seccond heart sounds occur when the AV valves or the SL valves close?

The second heart sounds occur when SL valves open or close?

The second heart sounds occur when SL valves close at the beginning of which ventricular cardiac cycle?

What could result in abnormal heart sounds that are most often indicative of valve problems?

What are all events of the cardiac cycle associated with?

Which cardiac cycle is the contraction of heart muscle?

Which cardiac cycle is the relaxation of the heart muscle?

What is known as the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute?

What is the product of heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV)?

Cardiac Output (CO) is the product of what 2 things?

What is the number of heart beats per minute called?

What is known as the amount of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each beat?

What is known as the difference between resting and maximal cardiac output (CO)?

? = End diastolic volume (EDV) - End systolic volume (ESV)

What is known as the amount of blood collected in a ventricle during diastole?

What is known as the amount of blood remaining in a ventricle after contraction?

What are the 3 main factors that affect stroke volume?

Which one of the 3 factors that affect stroke volume (SV) is known as the amount ventricles are stretched by contained blood?

Which one of the 3 factors that affect stroke volume (SV) is the cardiac cell contractile force due to factors other than End Diastolic Volume (EDV)?

Which one of the 3 factors that affect stroke volume (SV) is the back pressure exerted by blood in the large arteries leaving the heart?

The more the heart heart fills with blood during diastole, the greater the force of contraction during systole. What is this law called?

During regulation of stroke volume, which of the 3 main factors that affect the stroke volume is the degree of stretch of cardiac muscle cells before they contract?

Does slow heartbeat and excersize increase or decrease venous return?

Does increased venous return stretch (distend) or compress the ventricles?

Does increased venous return increase or decrease contraction force?

Does blood loss and extremely rapid heartbeat increase or decrease stroke volume?

During regulation of stroke volume, which of the 3 main factors that affect the stroke volume is defined as the contractile strength achieved at a given muscle length (independent of muscle stretch and EDV)

What are 3 factors that increase contractility of the heart (positive inotropic agents)?