APEuro reformation

a political or secular matter

one who works for a religion as an occupation

a member of the church but not clergy

a percentage of your income given to support the church, usually 10%

the teachings of a religion

to show favoritism or unfair preference for family or friends

to buy or sell a religious office

holding more tan one religious title

things that you can do to lessen the weight of your sins, by the 1400s you could buy them

latin medieval bible used in the catholic church

belief that the church had become too concerned with how something was done instead of why

greek word for nowhere, a perfect, ideal place

things the way they are

luther's idea that faith not works lead to salvation

catholic idea that both are needed for salvation

royal family of prussia, later germany

great banking family of northern europe; like medici

a court

to take back

to sentence to death

luther's belief that all christians are equally blessed by the holy spirit, no special priestly powers

northernmost region of europe: denmark, iceland, norway, sweden, sometimes finland

senseless, cruel, violent act

a clergyman who serves in the military ministering to soldiers

in a catholic mass the bread and wine are transformed into the actual body and blood of christ

protestant idea of communion that the bread and wine are only symbolic of the body and blood of christ

a smaller group within a larger one, usually a small group persecuted by the larger one

calvanist dogma that god predetermines salvation and damnation, and nothing you can do will change it

a religious image

one who smashes religious idols

the senior religious leader of the anglican church

1533 law that named the king head of the church in england

a law that required every church in england to use the book of common prayer

married to a reigning king or queen

a reigning king or queen

promises religious toleration in england to all who would choose nation first and religion second

a term for one who puts nation first above religion

french protestants, calvanists

scotish protestant political movement led by john knox

all radical non traditional protestants in europe

to end a marriage by declaring it invalid

not legal

a ruler either voluntarily or involuntarily gives up a throne

a new confession of faith defined by theological issues; midway between lutheranism and calvanism during the reign of queen elizabeth

• 1571
• spain's holy league vs. turkish
• encroachments in the mediterranean resulted in victory over the turkish fleet

appointed the reform committee of the catholic church

• valois
• father of henry III
• rival of charles V
• hapsburg-valois wars

• anglican
• -Henry
• seized church lands and sold to aristocrats
• priests were forced to swear loyalty to the king or die
• nobility forced to sign the act of supremacy

• calvanism
• forced to flee to geneva
• institutes of the christian religion

• calvan's most important work, outlined the basic structure for protestant church, WRITTEN IN FRENCH
• predestination
• "doctrine of the elect"
• faith alone
• consubstantiation
• iconoclastics

• st. bartholomews day massacre
• marired henry II (valois)
• pulled the strings behind Francis II, charles IX and Henry III (her sons)

beheaded by elizabeth after being involved in a plot to kill her

leader of the dutch protestants against the spanish duke of alba, sent by the king

• Henry VIII
• 1533
• named the king head of the church of england

helped henry VIII with dissolution of monasteries and organizing the government's new role in the church

• leader of the ottoman turks
• defeated king louis of hungary
• (charles V brother in law)

• henry IV of navarre
• granted huguenots full religious toleration
• -200 fortified cities

a form of the inquisition used by philip II in the revolt in the netherlands

• passed by elizabeth I
• promised religious toleration as long as you were loyal to the crown
• kept a general peace

• 1549
• introduced the book of common prayer
• made all services in england the same

• -final victory of protestantism in england
• -act of religious settlement 15559
• -enemy of philip after declaring to be protestant- aided the dutch in revolt against spain
• -executed by mary stuart
• -supported pirate campaigns
• -spanish armada

• spanish netherlands began converting to calvanism and were attacked by the duke of alba
• council of blood
• dutch resisted alba, led by william the silent
• religious liberty and independence

• married margot (valois) on st. bartholomews day
• had to convert to catholocism
• granted edict of nantes- full religious toleration and restored religious peace

lead the massacre in st bartholomews day

• spain
• devout catholic
• believed his destiny was to restore catholicism all over the continent
• financially supported by the new world
• lost holland

• violence between catholics and huguenots
• catholic league
• st. bartholomews day massacre
• edict of nantes created temporary peace

• jesuits
• founded by ignatious of loyola
• forceful order of the church
• specialized in education and set up schools all over the world

• 1545-1563
• made profound changes in church life
• -required priests to be more educated
• -ended sale of indulgences, pluralism, and simony
• -standardized mass in latin
• -reaffirmed all basic catholic beleifs

• needed assistance of major catholic monarchs in europe for military response
• catholic monarchs hated potestants but did not want the church to become more powerful
• also at war themselves

those chosen for salvation in calvanism

• HRE ferdinand I allowed each state within the empire to select its own religion; catholic or lutheran
• -ruler's faith
• temporarily restored religious peace

• swiss priest and chaplain
• student of erasmus but caused a break
• -consubstantiation

• zwubgku vs. luther
• idea of transubstantiation
• broke into separate sects

• luther was forced to appear before HRE and officials
• would not recant and condemned to death- fleed to the protection of german princes

• 95 theses
• -a challenge to the whole concept of indulgences (1517)
• "jsut shall live by faith alone"

• advisor to henry VIII
• -executed
• utopia
• -describes a blueprint of how to make a perfect world in an imperfect on, recognizes that no such place exists

• devout catholic
• attempted to reestablish catholicism
• pushed to hard = missed opportunity
• (bloody mary)

• henry VIII and lady jane seymore
• his reign marked the beginning of the faith in england
• act of uniformity

• took the popes side in diet of worms
• "defender of the faith"
• break with church was political not religious
• 2nd of the tudor dynasty
• catherine of aragon, anne boleyn, jane seymore, anne cleves, katherine howard, catherine darr

• enemy of francis I of france
• at war with ottoman turks
• edict of worms (luther) made no attempt "i do not make war on dead men"
• attack protestant states = civil war
• 1555 abdicated
• -brother ferdinand and son philip II

• rose against nobles in swabia
• luther did not support (loyalty to princes who protected him)
• -against the robbing and murdering hordes of peasants

• -handbook of the christian knight
• -in praise of human folly
• inspired others who broke from the church

• attempted to reform the church from the inside
• favored simplified religious service
• catholics who wanted reform but not to leave the church altogether
• ERASMUS OF ROTTERDAM AND THOMAS MORE

• common slur of all "radical" protestants
• referred to the tradition of adult baptism
• -amish, mennonites, quakers, unitarians
• millenarianism- belief that the end of the word was at hand

a league of protestants, created for a defense against the catholics

• architecture
• -kept essence of classical techniques but with detailing and colorful flourishes (palace at versailles)
• art
• -highly ornamented style concerned with the use of balance and harmony and passion
• literature
• -paradise lost

english protestants inspired by calvanist theology who wished to remove all traces of catholicism in the church of england

• fleet of spanish warships sent to do battle on england (elizabeth)
• 1588

• praecepter germaniae
• saxony
• divided students into 3 classes based on age or capabilities

cheif advisor for elizabeth I during her reign

the northern parts of the netherlands that broke from philip in the revolt of the netherlands

• church constitution of calvin
• -created church government that used both clergy and layman in the service of the church

• luther vs. johann eyck
• luther was forced to move beyond indulgences to deny the authority of popes and councils
• -luther identified with john hus, a condemned heretic