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Both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes are able to carry out what two biochemical processes?
- The krebs cycle
- oxidative phosphorylation
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in order for a retrovirus to insert into the host cell's chromosome it must first...
convert it's RNA to DNA
-
for retroviruses to enter the latent phase, they must...
convert their RNA to DNA
-
the best support for the theory that mitochondria are just engulfed prokaryotes is what?
mitochondrial resmbles prokaryotic DNA
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The nucleoid is....
the region of the cell where the one circular loop of chromosomal DNA is located.
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The ribosomes are responsible for.....
protein synthesis
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Bacteria can convert theirselves to _______ when conditons are poor.
spores
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The capsule is....
a sticky layer surrounding the cell that helps in the attachment of the cell to a surface.
-
the most important goal in duneloside analogs (like AZT and ddl) when used in HIV infected patients, are....
to prevent the replication of the viral genome
-
What are the two main loer respiratory diseases?
Bronchitis and pneumonia
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The HIV virus is what kind of virus, and what family of virsues does it beling to?
-
letnimiruses are characterized by...
a long incubation preiod
-
a retrovirus is a ___ virus.
RNA
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A retrovirus is an RNA virus that is duplicated in a host cell using ...
the reverse transcriptase enzyme to produce DNA from its RNA genome.
-
Retroviruses are _______viruses that belong to the viral family Retroviridae.
enveloped
-
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what are the four viruses known to cause (gastroenteritis)?
rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus and astrovirus
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what are the 7 bacteria that can cause gastroenteritis?
Campylobacter jejuni, e.coli, salmonella, shigella, cholera, clostridium and staph. a.
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TB is caused by...
mycobacteria
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HIV infection results in a reduction of ___ cell number and impairs their function.
B
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in HIV, macrophages can become resovoirs for...
HIV virus replication
-
in HIV, interferons can be produced to...
restrict replication
-
in HIV, T lymphocytes recognize these antigen as...
foreign
-
exotoxin A can block...
protein synthesis
-
the cross linking of two linear polymers can stop because of..
the inhibition of the transpeptidase action
-
the cause of sickle cell anemia is..
a mutant allele
-
cell anemia is a _____ disorder
hereditary
-
what three factors have a considerable effect on the regulation of glomerular filtration?
- pH of the blood constituents
- blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries
- glucose concetration in the blood
-
diffusion only occurs when there is...
a concentration graident across a membrane (different concentrations)
-
how do vaccines prevent disease generally?
carrying surface antigens from pathogens
-
the clotting and deposisition of fibrin will hide _____ present on a cell surface.
antigens
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how does the structure of the villi help in the process of digestion?
provide more surface area for the absorption of nutrients
-
autotrophs utilize _____ as their carbon source..
CO2
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heterotrophs rely on ________ nutrients created by other organisms
organic
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a wild-type bacterium is one that...
possesses all the characteristics normal to that particular species
-
an auxotroph is ...
a bacterium that cannot survive on minimal medium b/c it cant snythesize a molecule it needs to live
-
facultative anaerobes will use _____ when it's around but ....
-
tolerant anaerobes can grow in the presence of _____ but do not use it in their ______.
-
obligate anaerobes are poisoned by....
oxygen
-
obligate anaerobes commonly infect...
wounds
-
the log phase is when,
the log of the population size grows linearly with time
-
the lag phase is when
cell division does not occur even if the growth conditions are ideal
-
the carrying capacity is...
the maximum population at the stationary phase
-
bacteria passes through the log phase to the ______ phase
stationary phase
-
the stationary phase is when...
cells cease to divide for lack of nutrients
-
the death phase is when
they die
-
the order of the bacterial phases are...
- lag phase
- log (exponential phase)
- stationary phase
- death phase
-
how many bacterial phases are there?
4
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the bacteria responsible for botulism is a gram______ bacteria
positive
-
some types of gram positive bacteria form _____ under unfavorable conditions
endospores
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the metabolic reactivation of an endospore in termed...
germination
-
saprophytes are...
fungi that feed off of dead plants and animals
-
parasites are...
fungi that feed off of living organisms while doing harm to the host.
-
mutualists are...
fungi that live in a symbiotic relationship between the organisms where both of them benefit.
-
the regions in the fungi that are specialized to reproduce sexually are called..
gametangia
-
a cell with two nuceli is called...
dikaryon
-
a obligate intracellular parasite is a....
virus
-
a virus that infects bacteria is called a....
bacteriophage
-
the lytic cycle of a phage is... (6 steps)
- 1. attachment of phage to host and injection of chromosome
- 2. breakdown of bacterial chromosome by phage-specific enzyme
- 3. replication of phage chromosome using bacterial materials and phage enzymes
- 4. expression of phage genes to produce phage structural components
- 5. assembly of progeny phage particles
- 6.release of progeny phage by lysis of bacterial wall
-
the lysogenic cycle of a phage is (5 steps)
- 1. the phage bind to host
- 2. the phage DNA enters the host cells
- 3. the phage DNA intergrates and becomes a noninfective prophage
- 4. chromosome with intergrated prophage replicates
- 5. in rare cases, the prophage may seperate and the cell will be induced to lyse
-
the dominant form of a virus genome is called a...
provirus
-
+ RNA viruses must _____ RNA-dependent RNA pol and do not have to...
-
-RNA viruses must _____ RNA dependent RNA pol and _____ it too.
-
Retroviruses must encode..
reverse transcriptase
-
two major examples of retroviruses are...
- HIV
- HTLV (human T cell lukemia virus)
-
double stranded DNA viruses often ____ enzymes required for ______ synthesis and DNA replication
-
humoral immunity is...
specific protection by antibodies or immunoglobulins
-
the light and heavy chain of antibodies are connected by...
disulfide bonds
-
the two regions of the antibody are the...
constant and variable regions
-
the five classes of immunoglobulins are..
-
the molecule that an antibody binds to is known as the....
antigen
-
examples of antigens are...
- viral capsid proteins
- bacterial surface proteins
- and toxins
-
the small site that an antibody recognizes within a larger molecule is called an...
epitope
-
when a small molecule becomes antigenic is known as...
hapten
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antibodies are produced by
B cells
-
plasma cells actively produce and secrete...
antibody protein into the plasma
-
memory cells ....
stay dormant until antigen appears, then quickly produce antibodies to eliminate symptoms of illness
-
T helpers are ____ cells
CD4
-
T killers are ___ cells
CD8
-
cytoxic T cells are...
T killer cells
-
The T helper cell is the host of _____.
HIV
-
the role of the T killer cell is to...
destroy abnormal host cells
-
the T in T cells stands for ...
thymus
-
the protein on the T cell surface that can bind atigen is the ....
T cell receptor
-
an important group of cell surface proteins are called...
The major histocompatibility complex MHC
-
the cells that have MHC II is called...
antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
-
The two APCs are...
B cells and macrophages
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