-
What organs are considered secondary endocrine organs?
- Heart
- Kidneys
- Digestive organs
- Liver
- Skin
-
What hormone is released by heart?
What is its function?
- Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
- Inhibits sodium reabsorption by the kidney tubules.
-
What are the hormones secreted by the Kidney?
What are their functions?
- Renin: Stimulates aldosterone secretion indirectly via the renin-angiotension system.
- Erythropoietin: Stimulates production of red blood cells in bone marrow.
-
What hormone is released by the stomach?
What is its function?
- Gastrin
- Stimulates acid secretion by stomach and intestinal motility.
-
What hormones are secreted by the small intestine?
What are their functions?
- Secretin, Cholecytokinin (CCK), Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)
- Regulate gastrointestinal motility and secretion; regulate exocrine secretion by liver and pancreas.
-
What hormone is produced by the liver?
What is its function?
- Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)
- Promote bone and soft tissue growth
-
What three organs are needed to produce 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3?
What is the function of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3?
- Skin, liver, and Kidney
- Promotes absorption of calcium by intestine.
-
The concentration of free hormone in the blood depends on what three factors?
- 1. The rate of hormone secretion
- 2. the amount of hormone transported bound to carrier proteins
- 3. the rate at which the hormone is metabolized
-
Endocrine cells alter hormone secretion in response to what two types of signals?
- Neural Signals
- Humoral (bloodborne) Signals
-
Describe neural signals.
These directly regulate hormone secretion by the hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland, and adrenal medulla, which can affect the secretion of other hormones.
-
What are the three basic categories of Humoral signals?
- 1. Hormones
- 2. Ions
- 3. Metabolites
-
Describe Humoral signals.
Concentrations of Ions or metabolites in the blood opperate through negative feedback to regulate the secretion of hormones.
-
All of the hypothalamic tropic hormones are affected by what?
A Circadian Rhythm
-
What two factors control the Circadian Rhythm?
- Endocrine input: Melatonin
- Neural input from the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus.
-
What role do carrier proteins play involving hormones?
They increase the half life of hormones, so that they are present in the blood for a longer period, by decreasing the rate of their metabolism.
-
What are hormones degraded by once they are inside of a cell?
Enzymes located in lysosomes
-
Peptides hormones found in the blood can be metabolized by what?
Proteolytic enzymes
-
Why are Steroid and Thyroid hormones metabolized more slowly than peptides and amines?
- 1. Steroids and Thyroid hormones are transported in blood bound to carrier proteins.
- 2. The fat-soluable steroids and thyroid hormones can be stored temporarily in fatty tissue.
-
What is Acromegaly?
A disease in which Hypersecretion of growth hormone causes bones to thicken and organs to grow in excess in adults.
-
What is Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus caused by?
Hyposecretion of insulin from beta cells of the pancreas.
-
In a primary secretion disorder, the abnormality originates where?
In the endocrine gland that secretes the hormone.
-
In a secondary secretion disorder, the abnormality originates where?
In the endocrine cells of either the anterior pituitary or the hypothalamus, which secrete the tropic hormone.
-
What is Antagonism?
A process by which the effects of hormones oppose each other.
-
What is the difference between an additive and a synergistic effect?
- Additive effect: The net effect equals the sum of the individual effects.
- Synergistic: The net effect is greater than the sum of the individual effects.
-
Describe the process of permissiveness.
The presence of one hormone is needed for another hormone to exert its actions.
|
|
