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Lucy
Best-known skeletal remains fournd in 1974, believed to live on the edge of a lake in what is now Ethopia. Date back to 6.5 millions years ago
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Homo Sapiens
Thinking human; neanderthals
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Neanderthal
- The earliest humans in Europe.
- Same cranial capacity as we do
- Spread throughout much of Africa, Europe and Asia during the last great ice age.
- well over 100,000 years ago
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Paleolithic Era
- 600,000-10,000 BC (Old Stone Age)
- 35,000-10,000 BC Late Paleolithic Age
- Advanced primates developed into Neaderthals and also modern man. They hunted food or collected it by gathering.
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Culture
- everything about humans not inherited biologically
- Those shared beliefs, values, customs, and practices that humans tranmit from generation to generation through learning
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Mitochondrial DNA
the DNA provided only by the mother which does not recombine with the maile genome and thus remains very stable across generations
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Broad-spectrum gathering
A technique of subsistence common in the Neolithic era that preceeded permanent settlement in one place and relied on the exploitation of many seaonal sources of food over a limited area.
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Neolithic Era
- 8,000-6,500 BC (New Stone Age)
- Modern man developed agriculture and the first villages.
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Fertile Cresent
Region stretching from the Persion Gulf northwest through Mesopotamia and down the Mediterranean coast to Egypt
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Mesopotamia
- "Between the Rivers"
- Desert plain stretching to the marshes near the mouths of the Tigris and Urphrates rivers
- used extensive irrigation systems
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Epic of Gilgamesh
first great heroic poem, composed sometime before 2000 BC
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Pictograms
Earliest form of writing in Mesopotamia, ca 3500 BC in which pictures represented particular objects, such as animals.
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Cuneiform
A form of writing from Mesopotamia characterized by wedge-shaped symbols pressed into wet clay tables to record words.
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Behistun Rock (in online lesson)
carved on a mountainside near a village of the same name in western Iran, has inscriptions in both Persian and cuneiform
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Sir Henry Rawlinson (in online lesson)
a British scholar and diplomat, used the Behistun Rock to translate cuneiform in 1846
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Ziggurat
Babylonian tiered towes (or step-pyramids) from ca. 2000 BC that were dedicated to gods and stood near temples. They were among the most important building of Babylonian cities.
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Sargon
- King of Akkad, the most important figure in Mesopotamian history.
- Reigned for 55 years.
- Kingdom extended east across the Tigris, west along the Euphrates, and north into modern Syria
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Shulgi
Sumerian King and initial law codifier
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Hammurabi (Code of)
- Body of Law
- Prologue:
- To cause justice to prevail in the country
- To destroy the wicked and the evil
- That the strong may not oppress the weak
- much is to protec women and children from unfair treatment.
- Held physicians, vets, architects and boat builders to professional standard.
- Gave payment and punishment
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Hittite Empire
- Conquired Hammurabi's kingdom.
- Expanded into Northern Mesopatamia and along the Syrian coast.
- An Indo-european people
- Language part of the linguistic family that includes modern languages.
- Expansion was checked @ 1286 BC at the Battle of Kadesh against Ramses II of Egypt
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Egyptian Kingdoms (Old, Middle, New)
- Old - 3150-2779 BC
- developed calendar and plow
- first pyramids built
- hieroglyphics
- Middle - 2050-1786 BC
- merger of the king and god
- foreign trade
- New - 1560 -1087 BC
- political height
- King Tut lived during
- no longer isolated country
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Narmer
- united Egypt during what is known as the Old Kingdom
- first of 30 dynasties to rule the country
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Cartouches
An oval or oblong figure in ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics that encloses characters expressing the names royal or divine personages.
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Hieroglyphics
- picture symbols used for writing
- more than 2,000 characters, each representing common objects
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Papyrus
plant material used by Egyptians to write upon
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Maat
ideal state of the universe and society, a condition of harmony and justice, which the pharoah was supposed to uphold
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Nomes
- local level province ruled by governers.
- was the basic unit of Egyptian local government
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Pharaoh
the Hebrew term for the Egyptian king
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Zoser
- founder of the Old Kingdom
- built the first of the pyramid temples, the Step Pyramid at Sakkara
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Sinuhe
- Fled into exile aft his king died, was homesick for Egypt.
- Returns home in his old age and was received favorably, including his own pyramid-tomb
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Hyksos
- "Rulers of foreign lands"
- Kings of Egypt that were not Egyptians
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Ahmose I
- His reign began the New Kingdom.
- Expelled the Hyksos rulers (1552-1527 BC), liberated Egypt from foreign rulers.
- Expanded the kingdom
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Amenhotep IV
- 1364-1347 BC changed name to Akhenaten
- attempted to abolish the cult of Amen-Ra; repaced him with a new god Aten.
- Moved the capital from Thebes to Akhetaton.
- somewhat monotheist, but shared divine status of Aten with himself
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Tutankhamen
- ruled after Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten)
- restored rule and religious themes to prior to Akhenaten,
- moved the capital back to Thebes
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Ramses II
- 1289-1224 BC
- stopped the Hittite expansion at the battle of Kadesh (battle was a draw)
- signed a peace treaty and nonaggression pact with the Hittites
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Abram
Biblical patriarch, typical chieftan of the Semitic tribes that wandered
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Canaan
land that small Semitic kingdoms developed independence in the shadow of great powers of the Hittites, Mesopotamian and Egyptians
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Shiloh
Religious shrine that held the Ark of the Covenant
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Ark of the Covenant
Contained the law of Moses ad mementos of the Exodus
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Saul
The first king of the Israelite kingdom
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David
- ca 1000-962 BC
- 2nd king of the Israelites
- Defeated and expelled the Philistines
- created a united state, established Jerusalem as the political and religious capital
- brought the Ark of the Covenant form the tents of the nomadic tribes
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Solomon
- ca 961-922 BC
- successor to David
- built magnificent temple to house the Ark of the Covenant
- centralized land divisions, raised taxes and increased military service
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Nebuchadnezzar II
- 604-562 BC
- Babylonian Empire conquered the kingdom of Judah
- sent Judah's elite into exile to Babylon
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Torah
the body of law in Hebrew scripture
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Ezrah
- transformed the people of Judah and Judaism
- separatism and antional purity
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Nehemiah
- transformed the people of Judah and Judaism
- separatism and antional purity
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Pharisees
- Leaders of Judaism
- zealous adherents to the Torah
- produced a body of oral law termed the Mishnah
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Mishnah
In jewish law, the oral interpretation of the Torah which was developed by the Pharisees and later developed into an extensive written body of legal interpretation
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The Talmud
- the Mishnah developed over time into the Talmud
- Rabbinic discussions of the Mishna and its interpretation compiled around 500 AD
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Tiglath-Pileser III
- 746-727 BC
- greatest empire builder of Mesopotamia since Sargon
- first true empire
- Nineveh, capital
- combined elements of Mesopotamian statecraft with a new religous ideology
- 5 bases: transformed army, military-religious ideology, novel administrative system, social policy involving large scale population movements, and use of massive terror.
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Psamtic I
- 664-610 BC
- shook off the Assyrian lords and rulers
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Zoroastrianism
monotheistic religion founded by Zoroaster in sixth-century BC Persia that emphasized the personal choice between good (light) and evil (darkness)
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