-
What are the 5 layers of the Scalp?
- Skin
- Connective Tissue (dense)
- Aponeurosis
- Loose Connective Tissue
- Pericranium/Periosteum
-
Which arch of embryo development gives way to the Maxilla
and Mandible and V Trigenminal?
1st Arch
-
Which arch of embryo development gives way to the Hyoid and VII facial?
2nd Arch
-
What are the 3 Branches of the Trigeminal (V) and where do they innervate?
- V1 – Opthalmic: Frontal, inferior orbit, half of nose
- V2 – Maxillary Nerve: Inferior orbit, upper lip, half of nose
- V3 – Mandibular Nerve: Inferior lip, chin, anterior ear
-
What are the 6 Branches of the Facial Nerve (VII)?
- Temporal
- Zygomatic
- Buccal
- Marginal Mandibular
- Cervical
- Posterior Auricular
-
What are the 6 groups of Muscles of Facial Expression?
- Scalp
- Orbital
- Nasal
- Neck
- Auricular
- Oral
-
What is/are the Muscles of Facial Expression of the Scalp?
Occipitofrontalis, Frontal and Occipital Belly
-
What is/are the Muscles of Facial Expression of the Orbital Group and their actions?
- Obicularis Occuli – Orbital: forcefully closes
- Palpebral – Gently closes
- Lacrimal – draws lacrimal puncta laterally
- Corrugator Supercilli- furrows brow
-
What is/are the Muscles of Facial Expression of the Nasal Group and their actions?
- Procerus– Frowning
- Nasalis Transverse – compress nares
- Nasalis Alar – widens nares
- Depressor Septi Nasi – widens nares
-
What is/are the Muscles of Facial Expression of the Neck and their actions?
Platysma: tenses skin, moves labia inferiorly
-
What is/are the Muscles of Facial Expression of the Auricular Group and their
actions?
- Anterior Auricular – Up and forward
- Superior Auricular – Elevates ear
- Posterior Auricular – Retracts and elevates
-
What is/are the Muscles of Facial Expression of the main Oral and their actions?
- Orbicularis Oris – purses lips
- Buccinator – Expells air from cheeks
-
What is/are the Muscles of Facial Expression of the Lower Oral Group and their
actions?
- Depressor Anguli Oris – depress corner of mouth
- Depressor Labii Inferioris – depress corner of mouth laterally
- Mentalis – Positions lips
-
What is/are the Muscles of Facial Expression of the Upper Oral Group and their
actions?
- Risorious – grin
- Zygomaticus Major – elevates corner of mouth
- Zygomaticus Minor – elevates upper lip
- Levator Anguli Oris – Levetates angle of mouth
-
How many Oral Group muscles are there?
9
-
What are the 3 Compartments of the Neck and what do they surround?
- Visceral – Trachea, Eosophagus, Thyroid
- Vascular – Int. Jugular, Nerves, Carotid Artery
- Vertebral – Muscles, Vertebral Column
-
What are the 5 Fascias of the Neck?
- Pretracheal
- Layer
- Carotid Sheath
- Superficial Layer
- Investing Layer
- Prevertebral Layer
-
What is the Danger Space and why is it considered so?
- The Retropharyngeal space as
- - mandibular infection can spread to submental or submandibular spaces, then to
- retropharyngeal
- - Infection here can cause oedema of the larynx
- - Infection can then spread to mediosternum and infect cardiac and respiratory
- tissue
-
What are the Muscles of Neck and what are their regions and actions?
- Sternocleidomastoid – draw head forward, tilt and rotate – forms border of Anterior triangle
- Trapezius – rotation of scapula – forms posterior triangle
-
What are the Anterior Group of Suprahyoid Muscles and their innervations?
- Anterior
- Digastric – V3
- Mylohyoid – V3
- Geniohyoid – C1 (cervical spinal nerve)
-
What are the Posterior Group of Suprahyoid Muscles and their innervations?
- Posterior Digastric – VII (Facial)
- Stylohyoid – VII
-
What are the 4 Infrahyoid muscles and their O/I?
- Sternohyoid O – Sternum I- Hyoid
- Sternothyroid O- Sternum I- Thyroid Cartilage
- Thyrohyoid O – continuation of Sternothyroid I - Hyoid
- Omohyoid Lateral and Posterior Belly – Scapula, around Jugular, to tendon, to hyoid
-
Why do cuts to the head bleed so profusely?
The blood supply to the scalp is a high volume as the brain requires a large amount of blood to function. This blood travels through veins and arteries high in astemosis and pass under skin with very little intervening dermis and hypodermis meaning a small cut can bleed profusely.
-
What are the 6 types of Bone forming the neurocranium?
- Occipital x1
- Fronal x1
- Parietal x2
- Temporal x2
- Sphenoid x1
- Ethmoid x1
-
What are the 8 types of Bone forming the Viscerocranium?
- Palatine x2
- Vomer x1
- Lacrimal x2
- Nasal x2
- Inf. Nasal Concha x2
- Zygomatic x2
- Maxillary x2
- Mandible x1
-
What are the 4 sutures of the skull?
- Coronal (frontal and Parietal)
- Saggital (parietals)
- Squamosal (Temporal, parietal, sphenoid)
- Lambdoidal (Occipital, Parietal)
-
What 7 Bones form the Orbit?
- Frontal
- Lacrimal
- Ethmoid
- Zygomatic
- Maxillary
- Palatine
- Sphenoid
-
The four surfaces and some features of the maxilla are:
- Nasal – lateral wall of nasal cavity
- Facial – inferior orbital margin, zygomatic process, frontal process, alveolar process
- Orbital – floor of orbit
- Infratemporal – floor of infratemporal fossa
-
The Zygomatic bone processes and surfaces are:
Temporal process, frontal process, Malar and Temporal Surfaces, Zygomatic foramen
-
The Suture of the maxilla is called the…
Intermaxillary Suture
-
The Mandible articulates with…
The temporal bone and maxillae (through teeth)
-
Injections are given through the what raphe at what depth?
Through the coronoid notch to the pterygomandibular raphe at 2 to 4cm deep
-
The main structures of the mandible are the…
Body, Angle, Ramus, Condylar Process, Coronoid Process, Oblique Line, Mental Protuberance, Mandibular foramen, mylohyoid line
-
The temporomandibular joint is the articulation between the…
Squamous portion of temporal bone (articular disc and eminence) and the condyle of the mandible
-
The Mandibular condyle has what dimensions?
Football like, Ant/Post 10mm, Med/Lat 20mm
-
The TMJ consists of the…
Ligament, Articular Disc, Articular fossa of squamous portion of temporal bone, capsule, condyle of the mandible
-
The articular surface of the TMJ is…
Avascular, with dense fibrous connective tissue
-
The capsule of the TMJ:
- Completely encloses joint
- Highly Vascular Synovial membrane
- Fibrous connective tissue
- Highly Innervated
-
The capsule of the TMJ is divided into:
- Inferior Compartment – 0.9 ml rotational movement
- Superior Compartment – 1.2ml translational movement
-
What does the Synovial fluid do in the TMJ?
Provides lubricant and nutrition for the avascular surfaces
-
What are the steps in opening the mouth?
- 1.Inferior head of Lateral Pterygoid Muscle rotates condyle 0.9ml into Inferior Compartment
- 2. Hyoid is stabilised by posterior supra and infrahyoid muscles
- 3. When teeth are 20mm separation, TMJ is taut and translation into Superior
- Compartment occurs. Articular Disc and Condyle then slide inferiorly on the articular eminence until at lowest point
-
What are the 4 pairs and their heads of Muscles of Mastication and their actions?
- Temporalis – Elevates and retrudes mandible
- Masseter Superficial Head – Elevation
- Masseter Deep Head – Elevates and retrudes mandible
- Medial Pterygoid Deep Head – Elevation, protrusion, lateral excursion
- Medial Pterygoid Superficial Head – Elevation, protrusion, lateral excursion
- Lateral Pterygoid Upper Head – Depression, protrusion, lateral excursion
- Lateral Pterygoid Lower Head - Depression, protrusion, lateral excursion
-
What are the muscles of Mastication associated with Closing the mouth?
- Temporalis
- Masseter
- Medial Pterygoid
-
What are the muscles of Mastication associated with Closing the mouth?
- Lateral Pterygoid
- Suprahyoid
- Infrahyoid
-
What are the Muscles involved with Mastication?
- Temporalis
- Masseter
- Lateral Pterygoid
- Medial Pterygoid
- Suprahyoid (post and ant.)
- Infrahyoid
- Buccinator
-
What are the steps of Closing the Mouth?
- 1.Condyle undergoes reverse process of translation and rotation
- 2. The mandible is retruded and elevated by the masseter, temporalis and medial pterygoid
-
How does lateral deviation of the mandible occur?
If the mandible laterally deviates to the left, the right lateral pterygoid muscle contracts, moving the condyle forward causing a leftward deviation.
-
What are the steps of Deglutition?
- 1. Palatopharyngeas, levator veli palatini and uvulae lift soft palate, closing nasopharynx
- 2. Suprahyoid muscles life hyoid bone to allow bolus to pass
- 3. Muscles of pharynx elevate pharynx and larynx, driving food to esophagus
- 4. Epiglottis closes larynx
-
What nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?
Trigeminal (V) Mandibular Branch (V3)
-
The palate is formed by…
- Anterior 2/3 – Palatine Process of Maxilla
- Posterior 1/3 – Palatine Bone Horizontal plate
-
What are the Extrinsic Muscles and their innervations of the tongue?
- Palatoglossus X
- Styloglossus XII
- Genioglossus XII
- Hyoglossus XII
-
What are the Intrinsic Muscles of the tongue?
- Superior Longitudinal
- Inferior Longitudinal
- Vertical
- Transverse
-
What is the function of the Soft Palate?
It is a continuation of the hard palate that closes the oropharyngeal isthmus and separates the nasopharynx from the oropharynx
-
What muscle forms the Palatine Aponeurosis to which all palatal muscles attach?
Tensor Veli Palatini
-
What are the muscles of the Soft Palate and what are they innervated by?
- Tensor Veli Palatini – Trigeminal Mandibular Branch (V3)
- Levator Veli Palatini – Vagus (X)
- Palatopharyngeus – Vagus (X)
- Palatoglossus – Vagus (X)
- Musculus Uvulae – Vagus (X)
-
Superior to inferior, what are the sections of the Pharynx and what are they innervated
by?
- Nasopharynx – Trigeminal Maxillary Branch (V2)
- Oropharynx – Glossopharyngeal IX
- Laryngopharynx – Vagus X
- Eosophagus and Trachea
-
What are the Constrictor Muscles of the Pharynx?
- Superior
- Constrictor
- Middle Constrictor
- Inferior Constrictor
-
What are the Constrictor Muscles of the Pharynx joined and innervated by?
Posteriorly by Pharyngeal Raphe and Vagus X
-
What are the 3 unpaired cartilages of the Larynx?
-
What are the Longitudinal Muscles and their innervations of the Pharynx?
- Stylopharyngeus - Glossopharyngeus IX
- Salpingopharyngeus – Vagus X
- Palatopharyngeus – Vagus X
-
What forms the vocal chord cartilage?
Arytenoid
-
How does the blood arterially enter the head?
Through Common Carotid lateral to oesophagus and trachea, divides into Internal and External Carotid at superior border of Thyroid Cartilage
-
Where does the Internal Carotid enter?
Carotid Canal in petrous temporal bone
-
What are the branches of the External Carotid?
- Superior Thyroid Artery
- Ascending Pharyngeal Artery
- Lingual Artery
- Facial Artery
- Occipital Artery
- Posterior Auricular Artery
- Maxillary Artery
- Superior Temporal Artery
-
What does the Lingual Artery Supply?
Arises level of Hyoid, supplies suprahyoid muscles, tongue, floor of mouth, sublingual salivary glands and mucosa
-
What does the Facial Artery Supply?
Runs medially around mandible then upward to canthus of eye, supplying oral, buccal, zygomatic, nasal and infraorbital regions
-
Where does the Maxillary Artery arise and what does it supply?
- Arises and parotid, source of blood for nasal cavity and ALL
- teeth
-
What are the 3 branches of the Maxillary Artery and what do they supply?
- Mandibular – Mandibular teeth
- Pterygoid – Muscles of Mastication
- Pterygopalatine - Maxillary teeth
-
What sections of the Pterygopalatine branch of the Maxillary Artery supplies what?
- Posterior Superior Alveolar Artery – Molars of Maxilla
- Infraorbital Artery supplies Anterior Superior Artery – Premolars and Anterior Teeth of Maxilla
-
Why can infection easily spread in cranial veins?
- There are no valves in facial veins so infection can spread
- in either direction
-
What is the oral venous return path?
Teeth, lips, Oral muscles, post. Nasal cavity, palate -> Pterygoid plexusus of veins-> Maxillary Vein -> Superficial Temporal Vein in Parotid -> Retromandibular Vein
-
What does the facial Vein collect and drain into?
Collects from scalp, orbits and muscles of facial expression and drains into Internal Jugular
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