-
gonad
produces the reproductive cells
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vulva
- external female genitalia
- •mons pubis
- •labia majora
- •labia minora
- •clitoris
- •prepuce
- •opening for glands
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internal structures (female)
- •left and right ovary
- •left and right uterine tube
- •uterus
- •vagina
- •special glands
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mons pubis
pad of fatty tissue and thick skin that overlies the front of the pubic bone
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clitoris
small mass of erectile tissue and nerves, becomes erect in response to sexual stimulation
-
labia majora
larger of the two pairs of skin folds that protect the vaginal opening (singular = labium majus)
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labia minora
smaller pair of skin folds that protect the vaginal opening (singular = labium minus)
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prepuce
retractable cover over clitoris
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vaginal vestibule
space between the two labia minora into which the urethra and vagina open
-
vestibular glands
(Bartholian glands) produce mucus-like secretion for lubrication during sexual intercourse
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perineum
area between the vaginal opening and the anus
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ovaries
- •primary reproductive structures
- •produce ova (eggs) and hormones
- •singular = ovum
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Fallopian tube
- •also called uterine tubes
- •most commom site of firtilization of the ovum, which dies within 24-48 hours if not firtilized
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fimbriae
finger-like projections of the fallopian tube that create current to sweep the ovum into the tube
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uterus
muscular organ that prepares to receive and nuture the firtilized ovum
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vagina
- •birth canal
- •muscular and capable of sifficient expansion for passage of the child during childbirth
- •repository for sperm during intercourse
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menstrual cycle
monthly cycle of growth and discharge of the endometrium
-
layers of uterine tissue
- outermost to innermost:
- •perimetrium, is a visceral peritoneum (peri- = around, metr/o = uterine tissue)
- •myometrium, thick muscular wall of the uterus
- •endometrium, mucous membrane
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role of hypothalamus and pituitary gland on reproductive functions
- hormones produced by these structures act on the ovaries to bring about:
- •the production of ova
- •the production of additional hormones, estrogen and progesterone
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estrogen
- female sex hormones,
- •responsible for female secondary sex characteristics
- •act on femal genitalia during the menstrual cycle to produce a suitable environment for fertilization, implantation, and nutrition of the early embryo
-
progesterone
hormone produced by the ovaries that prepares and maintains the utetus during pregnancy.
-
puberty
- stage of development when genitalia reach maturity and secondary sex characteristics
- •girls between 9 to 13 years old
-
menarche
first occurrence of menstruration
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menopause
- natural cessation of reproductive cycles and menstruation with the decline of reproductive hormones in later years
- •also called climacteric
- •may occur earlier as a result of illness or surgical removal of the uterus or both ovaries
-
menstruation
periodic bloody discharge from the shedding of the endometrium
-
when do the ovarian and uterine cycle begin?
when certain unknown stimuli cause the hypothalamus to start secreting a hormone that acts on the pituitary gland, which then begins to secrete two hormones FSH and LH that act on follicles in the ovaries
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ovarian phase
- •day 1-5: follicular phase. growth of the follicle. secretion of estrogen
- •day 6-12: follicular phase continues
- •day 13-14: ovulation. ovum us released by follicle
- •day 15-28: luteal phase. follicle becomes corpus luteum. secretes progesterone
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uterine (menstrual) phase
- •day 1-5: menses. blood is shed from the vagina.
- •day 6-12: proliferative phase. growth of the endometrium.
- •day 13-14: proliferative phase continues.
- •day 15-28: secretory phase. continued growth of the endometrium, secretion of glycogen
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menses
the normal flow of blood during menstruation when fertilization has not occurred
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oogenesis
formation of ova
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vaginal speculum
- an instrument that can be pushed apart after it is inserted into the vagina to allow examination of the cervix and the walls of the vagina
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cytology
the study of cells
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Pap smear
- •Papanicolaou smear or test
- •performed to detect cancer of the cervix
- •material is collected from areas of the body that shed cells
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gynecologic examination
- (1)inspection of the external genitalia (2)speculum examination. vaginal walls and cervix inspected. smears are obtained (3)bimanual examination assesses the location, size, and mobility of the pelvic organs (4)rectovaginal examination is not always pervormed
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dysplasia
abnormal development; in pathology, alteration in size, shape, and organization of adult cells, can be detected before cancer of the uterus
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trichomonas
vaginal and urethral parasite
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gonorrhea
infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae; transmitted sexually in most cases but also by contact with infected exudates in neonatal children at birth, or by infants in households with infected in habitants; it is characterized by discharge and painful urination in male individuals and is often asymptomatic in female individuals
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Gram stain
slide-staining technique that aids in classification and identification of bacteria, is especially useful for vaginal smears if gonorrhea is suspected
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Rapid Plasma Reagin Test
an agglutination test used in screening blood for syphilis
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syphilis
a sexually transmitted disease caused by Treponema pallidum that is characterized by lesions that may involve any organ or tissue
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Human chorionic gonadotropin
present in body fluids of pregnant females, and blood or urine is tested to determine if pregnancy exists; may also be used to detect rare forms of tumors in either men or women
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chorion
membrane that develops around a fertilized embryo
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gonadotropin
a hormonal substance that stimulates the gonads
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colposcopy
use of a low-powered microscope to magnify the mucosa of the vagina and the cervix
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colposcope
instrument used in a colposcopy
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hysteroscopy
direct vaginal inspection of the cervical canal and uterine cavity, using an endoscope passed through the vagina
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hysteroscope
endoscope used in a heterscopy
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pelvic sonography
helpful in detecting masses, such as ovarian cysts
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computed tomography
may be used to detect a tumor within the pelvis
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hysterosalpingography
radiologic examination of the uterus and uterine tubes after an injection of radiopaque material into those organs. it allows evaluation of the size, shape, and position of the organs, including tumors and certain other abnormalities, as well as obstruction of a uterine tube
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hysterosalpingogram
record produced in hysterosalpingography
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laparoscopy
examination of the abdominal body with a laparoscope through one or more incisions in the abdominal wall. especially useful for inspection of the ovaries and other structures within the pelvic cavity, as well as collection of biopsy specimens or performance of tubal ligation to prevent pregnancy
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menstrual disorders
- •painful menstruation
- •heavy or irregular flow
- •spotting
- •absence of or skipping periods
- •premenstrual syndrome
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menorrhea
means either normal menstruation or too profuse menstruation
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menorrhagia
profuse menstruation
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metrorrhagia
- uterine bleeding other than that caused by menstruation
- •may occur as spotting or outright bleeding, the period flow sometimes being prolonged
- •may be caused by uterine tumors, benign or malignant, and especially cervical cancer
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amenorrhea
- absence of menstruation
- •normal before puberty, after menopause, and during pregnancy
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dysmenorrhea
painful or difficult menstruation
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mittelschmerz
abdominal pain in the region of an ovary during ovulation, it is helpful in pinpointing the fertile period of the ovarian cycle
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premenstrual syndrome
- nervous tension, irritability, edema, headache, and painful breasts that can occur the last few days before the onset of menstruation
- •many females experience some degree of PMS but fewer than half experience symptoms that disrupt their lives
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cervicitis
inflammation of the cervix uteri
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acute cervicitis
- infection of the cervix marked by redness, bleeding on contact, and often pain, itching, or burning, and a foul smelling discharge from the vagina
- •may be caused by several species of bacteria, Chlamydia, Candida albicans (yeast), or the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis, or some STDs like gonorrhea
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chronic cervicitis
persistent inflammation of the cervix
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vaginitis
- inflammation of the vaginal tissues or infection of the vagina
- •may be accompanied by itching, burning or discomfort during urination, and vaginal discharge
- •however some infections are asymptomatic
- •vaginal infections are usually related to sexual intercourse but can also occur after childbirth or after taking antibiotics that produce changes in the vaginal tissues
- •sny = colpitis
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colpitis
- inflammation of vaginal tissues or infection of the vagina
- •syn = vaginitis
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vulvitis
- inflammation of the vulva
- •associated with itching and burning
- •can be caused by infection, contact with irritants (soaps, detergents or allergens), or systemic conditions like dryness of the tissues and hormonal changes, particularly associated with aging, or STDs
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vulvovaginitis
- inflammation of the vulva and vagina
- •vulvar infections can be extension of vaginal infections
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oophoropathy
any disease of an ovary
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oophoritis
inflammation of an ovary
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oophorosalpingitis
inflammation of an ovary and a fallopian tube
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anovulation
- absence of ovulation
- •failure of the ovaries to produce, mature, or release ova
- •causes include altered ovarian function or dysfunction, side effects of medications, and stress or disease
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polycystic ovary syndrome
- hormonal disturbance characterized by anovulation, amenorrhea, and infertility
- •caused by increased levels of testosterone, estrogen, and luteinizing hormone and decreased secretion of FSH
- •numerous cysts may develop, with the affected ovary sometimes doubling in size
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ovarian cyst
- globular sac filled with fluid or semisolid material that develops in or on the ovary
- •may be transient or pathologic
- •benign cysts are common and may be asymptomatic or they may cause pelvic pain and menstrual irregularities
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ovarian cancer
- •leading cause of death from reproductive cancers because the disease has usually spread to other organs by the time it is discovered
- •sonography and CT may detect the mass but diagnosis generally requires surgical exploration
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salpingocele
hernial protrusion of a fallopian tube
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salpingitis
inflammation of a fallopian tube
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ectopic pregnancy
- fertilized ovum implants somewhere outside of the uterine cavity, usually in the fallopian tube
- (ect/o = outside, top/o = position, -ic = pertaing to)
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tubal pregnancy
fertilized ovum implants in the fallopian tube, treatment is generally removal of the pregnancy and the fallopian tube
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pelvic inflammatory disease
- (PID) any infection that involves the upper genital tract beyond the cervix
- •fallopian tubes usually infected
- •without treatment, the tubes can become obstructed and cause infertility
- •untreated staphylococcal infections can spread along the endometrium to the fallopian tubes and cause and acute salpingitits
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septicemia
infection of the blood
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toxic shock syndrome
- septicemia, sudden high fever, headache, confusion, acute renal failure, and abnormal liver function are characteristic of TSS
- •caused by Staphylococcus species and is most common in menstruating women who use tampons
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uterine cancer
identified by the extent to which it has spread to other organs starting with stage I (confined to uterine corpus) and ending at stage IV (spread beyond the pelvis)
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hysteropathy
any disease of the uterus
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hysteroptosis
- weakening of the ligaments that normally hold it in place, causing uterine prolapse
- •can be congenital or caused by heavy physical exertion
- •classified according to severity
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uterine displacements
variations from the midline in the pelvis,
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anteversion
forward displacement of the body of the uterus
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retroversion
uterus is tipped backward
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anteflexion
bending forward of the uterus
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retroflexion
bending backward of the uterus
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uterine leiomyoma
benign tumor occurring in the uterus and is also called a uterine fibroid. large tumors may cause general enlargement of the lower abdomen
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cervical polyps
benign lesions attached to the cervix, often by a stalk and can sometimes be seen in a gynecological examination
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myometritis
inflammation of the myometrium
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endometritis
inflammation of the endometrium, generally produced by bacterial invasion of the endometrium
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endometriosis
- abnormal condition in which tissue that contains typical endometrial elements is present outside of the uterus, usually within the pelvic cavity
- •endometrial tissue that is located outside the uterine lining responds to hormonal changes and goes through cyclic changes of bleeding and proliferation, scarring and adhesions result
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leukorrhea
- •white, viscid (sticky) discharge from the vagina and uterine cavity
- •normally occurs in the adult female
- •somewhat increased before and after the menstrual period
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colpodynia
pain of the vagina
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colporrhagia
hemorrhage from the vagina
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vaginal fistulas
- abnormal openings between the vagina and the urethra, the bladder, or the rectum
- •urethrovaginal fistulas = between the urethra and the vagina
- •rectovaginal fistulas = between the rectum and the vagina
- •vesicovaginal fistulas = between the bladder and the vagina
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cystocele
- protrusion of the urinary bladder through the wall of the vagina
- •occurs when support is weakened between the two tructures
- •large one can interfere with emptying the bladder
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rectocele
- protrusion of the rectum through the wall of the vagina
- •weakening between the vagina and rectum
- •large one can interfere with emptying the rectum
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contraceptives
used to prevent conception
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most common gynecological problems for which females seek treatment?
vaginal discharge, bleeding, and pain
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vulvectomy
- excision of the vulva
- •characteristically used to treat cancer of the vulva
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vaginectomy
removal of all or part of the vagina
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colpectomy
removal of all or part of the vagina
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colporrhaphy
suture of the vagina
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colpoplasty
surgical repair of the vagina
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oophoropexy
surgical fixation to correct an ovary that has lost its normal support
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oophorectomy
- surgical excision of one or both ovaries
- •laparoscopic oophorectomy is selected whenever possible and greatly reduces the recovery time recovered for an abdominal oophorectomy
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hysterectomy
- removal of the uterus either laparoscopically (laparohysterectomy), vaginally (colpohysterectomy), or via open abdominal surgery
- •abdominal hysterectomy = removed through an incision in the abdominal wall, used when the pelvic cavity is to be explored or when the ovaries and the uterine tubes are to be removed at the same time
- •subtotal hysterectomy = rarely done, removal of the uterus without removing the cervix
- •total hysterectomy = removal of uterus and cervix
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bilateral oophorosalpingectomy
removal of both ovaries and both fallopian tubes
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salpingo-oophorectomy
removal of an ovary and its uterine tube
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pelvic exenteration
removal of all pelvic organs, dont when other forms of therapy are ineffective in controlling the spread of cancer and no metastases have been found outside of the pelvis
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salpingectomy
surgical removal of one or both fallopian tubes
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tubal ligation
- one of several sterilization procedures in which both uterine tubes are constricted, severed, or crushed to prevent conception
- •most often performed laparoscopically
- •can be reversed but not always successfully
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dilation and curettage
- cervix is dilated to allow the insertion of a curet (sugical instrument shaped like a spoon) into the uterus to scrape and remove material from the endometrium
- •done to assess disease of the uterus, correct heavy or prolonged vaginal bleeding, empty the uterus of residue after childbirth, and to remove the products of conception
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cryotherapy
- •also called cryosurgery
- •uses subfreezing temperature to destroy tissue
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cauterization
to burn tissues by laser, hot metal, electricity, or another agent with the objective of destroying tissue
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hysteropexy
surgical fixation of a displace uterus
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salpingopexy
surgical fixation of a fallopian tube
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salpingorrhaphy
suture of a fallopian tube
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testes
- testicles; male gonads, responsible for production of both spermatozoa and hormones
- •paired oval glands
- •divided into several compartments called lobules
- •singular = testis
-
spermatozoa
- male sex cells (sperm)
- •singular = spermatozoon
-
penis
- male organ for copulation
- •penile = pert. to the penis
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glans penis
conical tip of the penis
-
-
-
scrotum
pouch of loose skin that contains the two testes and their accessory organs
-
scrotal
pert. to the scrotum
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testicular
pert. to a testicle or testicles
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spermatic
pert. to sperm or pert. to semen
-
ductus deferens
- •vas deferens
- •long duct that begins at the epididymis, enters the abdominal cavity, and connects with other structures of the internal reproductive tract
-
prostatic
pert. to the prostate
-
prostate
gland that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra in males, also produces fluids that contribute to semen and are necessary for the survival of sperm
-
bulbourethral glands
paired glands that contribute an alkaline mucus-like fluid the the semen
-
seminal vesicles
paired saclike glandular structures in the male sex that produce a fluid that is added to the secretion of the testes and other glands to form semen
-
semen
- •seminal fluid
- •secretion of the male reproductive organs that is discharged from the urethra
- •mixture of sperm cells and secretions from accessory glands (prostate, seminal vesicles, and bulbourethral glands
-
urethra
passage by which urine is discharged from the bladder
-
-
spermatogenesis
- production of mature, functional sperm capable of participating in conception
- •requires a temperature slightly lower than body temp
- •influenced by hormones that are produced by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and the testes
- •begins at puberty, normally continues throughout life, decline in later years
-
seminiferous tubules
tubules in each lobules of the testes, where sperm are produced
-
epididymis
where sperm are stored until they are released
-
interstitial cells of Leydig
surround seminiferous tubules and produce testosterone
-
testosterone
hormone secreted by the testes that brings about induction and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics
-
route of sperm
seminiferous tubules of the testes (sperm production) => epididymis (sperm storage) => ductus deferens => ejaculatory duct => urethra => ejaculation of sperm in semen
-
routine examination of male genitalia
(1) inspection of the external genitalia (2) palpation for inguinal hernias and (3) examination of the rectum digitally
-
chancre
lesion that indicates the first stage of syphilis
-
inguinal hernia
hernia in which a loop of the intestine enters the inguinal canal, sometimes fills the entire scrotal sac
-
prostate-specific antigen test
a blood test used to screen for prostatic cancer and monitor the patient's response to treatment
-
needle biopsy
needle inserted through the rectal mucosa to the prostate to remove a small amount of tissue if cancer of the prostate is suspected
-
sperm count
test for male fertility
-
urology
branch of medicine that specializes in the male and female urinary tract and also includes male reproductive structures
-
testicular cancer
more common in younger men
-
prostatic cancer
more common in older men
-
torsion of the testes
- axial rotation of the spermatic cord
- •cuts off the blood supply to the testicle and can lead to loss of the testicle
- •surgical correction within a few hours is required to save the testicle
-
oligospermia
insufficient sperm in the semen
-
aspermia
absence of sperm
-
aspermatogenesis
absence of sperm
-
azoospermia
absence of living sperm
-
erection
- condition of swelling, rigidity, and elevation of the penis, and to a lesser degree in the clitoris of the female, caused by sexual arousal
- •can occur during sleep
-
erectile dysfunction
- inability to achieve penile erection
- •male impotence
- •can be caused by poor health, certain drugs, fatigue, and vascular problems
- •sildenafil (Viagra) or tadalafil (Cialis) can be used
-
cryptorchidism
- developmental defect characterized by the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum
- •hormones or surgery are used to help the testicle descend
-
testalgia
- testicular pain
- •orchialgia
- •orchidalgia
-
orchiopathy
any disease of the testes
-
anorchidism
- congenital absence of the testis
- •may occur unilaterally or bilaterally
- •also called = anorchism
-
orchiditis
- inflammation of the testis
- •marked by pain, swelling, and feeling of weight
- •orchitis
-
epididymitis
inflammation of the epididymis
-
hydocele
- mass, usually filled with a straw-colored fluid (hydr/o)
- •may be the result of orchitis, epididymitis, or venous or lymphatic obstruction
-
spermatocele
- mass that contains sperm
- •develops on the epididymis
- •often painless, may need no intervention
-
vericocele
- cluster of dilated veins that occurs above the tesis
- •asymptomatic in many cases but may contribute to infertility
-
phimosis
- occurs when the prepuce is constricted at the opening so that it cannot be retracted back over the glans penis
- •caused by inflammation or edema
- •sometimes accompanied by balanitis
-
balanitis
inflammation of the glans penis
-
benign prostatic hyperplasia
- common disorder, particularly in men over 50
- •not malignant
- •usually progressive and may lead to obstruction of the urethra and to interference with urination
- •urinary frequency, pain, and urinary tract infections are characteristic of this disorder
- •prostatitis may also occur
-
prostatitis
can be acute or chronic, bacterial or abacterial, or without known cause
-
prostatic carcinoma
- cancer of the prostate
- •usually occurs in men over 50
- •most common cancer among men besides skin cancer
-
orchiectomy
excision of the testis
-
orchioplasty
surgical repair of a testicle
-
orchiotomy
incision and drainage of a testis
-
hydrocelectomy
surgical removal of a hydrocele
-
circumcision
surgical removal of the end of the prepuce
-
transurethral resection prostatectomy
- surgical procedure that is performed through the urethra, and small pieces of the enlarged prostate are removed
- •treatment for BPH
-
transurethral microwave thermotherapy
- uses microwave energy to raise the temperature of the prostatic tissue
- •treatment for BPH
-
transurethral needle ablation
- uses low-level radio frequency energy
- •treatment for PBH
-
ablation
removal or excision of a growth on any part of the body
-
BPH
benign prostatic hyperplasia
-
-
D&C
dilation and curettage
-
FSH
follicle-stimulating hormone
-
-
-
hCG, HCG
human chorionic gonadotropin
-
HRT
hormone replacement therapy
-
-
LMP
last menstrual period
-
NIH
National Institute of Health
-
Pap
Papanicolaour smear, stain, or test
-
PID
pelvic inflammatory disease
-
PMS
premenstrual syndrome
-
PSA
prostate-specific antigen
-
RPR
rapid plasma reagin test (for syphilis)
-
STD
sexually transmitted disease
-
TAH
total abdominal hysterectomy
-
-
TUMT
transurethral microwave thermotherapy
-
TUNA
transurethral needle ablation
-
TURP
transurethral resection of the prostate
-
VDRL
Venereal Disease Research Laboratories
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