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How many neurons exist in the OEp?
about 100 million
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Approximately what is the area of the OEp?
2 cm2
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What is anosmia?
The condition whereby you cannot smell anything
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What is hyposmia?
The condition by which you have a decreased sense of smell
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What is dysosmia?
The dyfunction of smell
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What is Parosmia?
Distortion of a smell, usually to something bad
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What is Phantosmia?
Smells, usually bad, that are derived from no physical stimuli
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What is hypersomia and how common is it?
- extrasensation of a smell
- not particularly common
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What are the four methods of olfactory function and what are their clinical relevance?
- Threshold Testing: series of different concentrations of butanoyl, but not very clinically relevant because of adaptation of the olfactory neurons
- Identification Testing: this one is actually used and consists of multiple choice scratch and sniff smells because natural smells do not keep too long in a clinical setting
- There are also Electro-olfactograms and Brain-Evoked Potentials: these are not clinically relevant
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What three things factor into olfactory testing?
- Age: the older you get, the less you can smell especially after 60 years
- Gender: women smell better than men
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What are the two broad disorders of olfactory function?
- Conductive: this is something a clinician can do something about
- Sensorineural: this is a disorder of the actual sensor/neuron cell; harder to fix
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What are the two causes of conductal olfactory disorders?
- Obstructive Nasal/Sinus Disease
- Neoplasms
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How would you differentiate a nasal polyp from a neoplasm?
- well a nasal polyp is a sinus epithelium that is so swollen up that it blocks the nose (1st picture)
- a neoplasm is just a cancer there (2nd picture)
 
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What are the causes of sensorineural anosmia?
- §Aging Parkinsons, Alzheimers
- §Congenital: Kallman's Syndrome
- §Viral injury
- §Toxic injury
- §Inflammatory diseases
- §Head traumas
- §Neoplasms
- §Endocrine/Metabolic: diabetes, cushing's disease, renal failure, vitamin deficiencies
- §Medication related: antibiotics, chemotherapy, antithyroid agents, diuretics, opiates, anti-seizure agents, hypoglycemic agents
- §Iatrogenic: We cause
- §Psychiatric disorders
- §Idiopathic
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What are the diagnositic steps for determining olfactory function?
- Hx
- Physical Exam
- Nasal Endoscopy
- Identification tests
- Imaging
- Laboratory
- Biopsy
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How do we treat olfactory disorders?
- conductive: relieve obstructionsensorineural: steriods, vitamins, and zinc
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80% of taste disorders are due to what?
Olfaction problems
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Which nerves gather taste for the tongue?
- chorda tympani (CN VII): anterior 2/3 of tongue
- glossopharyngeal (CN IX): posterior 1/3 of tongue
- laryngeal (CN X): very back and pharynx, cheeks, etc
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What causes your eyes to water when you eat ammonia?
Trigeminal Nerve
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What are the 5 basic tastes?
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What are the four steps of testing gustatory function?
- assess olfaction
- threshold testing
- magnitude matching: matching sound with taste
- spatial testing
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What are common reasons for taste disorders?
- aging
- xerostomia
- medication induced
- endocrine/metabolic
- malnutrition
- trauma
- neoplasms
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