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The most superior and lateral cardiac valve is the:
aortic
mitral
tricuspid
pulmonic
pulmonic
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M-mode recordings of the pulmonic valve normally show which of the pulmonary leaflets?
right
left
posterior
posterior
other leaflets are usually not at the correct angle to the transducer
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The pulmonic valve may not be visualized in which 2D echo view?
PSAX
subcostal short-axis
Apical 4C
apical 4C
apical plane does not usually include the pulmonic valve
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Pulmonic regurgitation may occur in
bacterial endocarditis
pulmonary hypertension
after a pulmonary valvotomy
all of the above
all of the above
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True/False: Characteristic findings on the 2D echo of the pulmonic valve in pulmonary stenosis include
leaflets tips that remain centrally located in systole
doming of the leaflets in systole
eversion of the leaflets in diastole
thickening of the leaflets
T, T, F, T
2D echo finding in PS are the same as for other stenotic valves, i.e doming leaflets, thickening of the structures, and leaflets tips that remain centrally positioned in systole. Eversion of the leaflets is seen in regurgitant lesions
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True/False: The right ventricular outflow tract can be divided into the:
midvalvular level
infundibular level
valvular level
supravalvular level
F, T, T, T
RVOT is described in terms of 3 levels, infundibular(subvalvular), valvular and supravalvular
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True/False: To differentiate significant pulmonary insufficiency from "normal" pulmonary insufficiency, one should look for
disturbed flow distal to the valve
associated signs of pulmonary hypertension
diffuse distribution of regurgitation
increased intensity of the CW doppler waveform
F, T, T, T
disturbed flow would be proximal to the valve, not distal. Other answers are ture signs of PHTN:diffuse disturbed signal proximal to the valve and an increased intensity of the CW Doppler waveform
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True/False: Acquired pulmonary regurgittion may be secondary to
pulmonary hypertension
pacemaker wire
bacterial endocarditis
pulmonary valulotomy
T, F, T, T
pacemaker wire causes tricuspid regurgitation, not pulmonary regurgitaton. The other 3 choices all cause pulmonary regurgitation
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True/False: The pulmonic doppler flow pattern in pulmonary insufficiency seconday to pulmonary hypertension shows:
high-velocity disturbed flow throughtout diastole
short acceleration time
high velocity disturbed flow throughtout systole
a decreased in flow in midstystole
T, T, F, T
high velocity disturbance of flow occurs in diastole, not systole, also acceleration is shortened. The formula 80-(AT *.5) can be used to predict PHTN. The decreased inflow in mid-systole corresponds to the notch seen on the M mode
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Characterstic findings on the M-mode examination of the pulmonic valve in patients with pulmonary stenosis include:
an exaggerated A wave
doming
absent A wave
notching (early closure)
an exaggerated A wave
exaggerated A wave, not absent is consistent with pulmonary stenosis. Absent A wave, is consistent with PTHN. Notching is also associated with PHTN. Doming occurs on the 2D examination, not on M -mode
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In comparison with normal flow-velocity acceleration time in the arotic valve, acceleration in the pulmonic valve is normally:
faster
the same
not consistent
slower
slower
normal pulmonary valve flow velocity accelaration time is slower than aortic valve flow velocity accleartion time
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True/False: Pulmonary regurgitation, which can cause right ventricular volume overload, maybe manisfested by
dilatation of the right ventricle
abnormal septal motion
flutter of the tricuspid valve leaflet
dilatation of the right atrium
T, T, T, F
PR may cause a dilated RV, not dilatation of the RA. It may also cause flutter of the TV just as the AR may cause MV flutter. Finally the septal motion can become abnormal if RVVO occurs.
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True/False: The following are seen the pulmonary hypertension
midsystolic notching of the A wave
nonvariation in A wave amplitude
absence of the A wave
absence of the P wave
T, T, T, F
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