-
Number of Cranial nerves in the human body
12
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Sensitivity phase given by M0 M2 S G1 G2
Late M and G2 (S is least sensitive)
-
What system is most sensitive to radiation?
Hemopoetic
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The bones of the forearm are known as?
Radius and Ulna
-
Where are the adrenal glands located?
Atop the Kidneys
-
Volume of blood in human body
~5 Liters
-
How many lobes are there in the lung?
5
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Where are erythrocytes produced?
Red bone Marrow
-
What is the Iliac crest landmark
L4-L5
-
Oxygen enters blood in the lungs by what method
Passive Diffusion
-
The Liver gets its blood from what vein.
Hepatic Portal Vein
-
Name the Gallbladder function
Store and secrete bile into duodenum
-
Know the function of the Liver
Detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion
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Circulatory path of the human body
Body > Vena Cava > Right Atrium > Right Ventricle > Pulmonery Artery > Lungs > Pulmonary Vein > Left Atrium > Left Ventricle > Aorta > Body
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Ileum, jejunum and duodenum sequence
- Duodenum > Jejunum > Ileum
- All small intestines
-
Nutrients absorbed in what part of the digestive tract
Small intestines (jejunum)
-
What is Thallium given for?
Heart stress test, nuclear cardiography
-
Gallbladder imaging is done by which modality
Ultrasound
-
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Motor control
-
The two parts of cerebrum are connected by which part of the brain.
Corpus Callosum
-
Where are alveoli situated?
Lungs, at the end of the bronchioles
-
Hiatal hernia - modality used for imaging
- Stomach sticks up into chest through diaphragm
- Upper GI,endoscopy, including barium contrast
-
Given MR image of a spine - what is not ok?
Look at images
-
What is a Stroke associated with?
- Blood clot in brain
- Brain death
- Lack of blood flow caused by thrombosis (arterial embolism) or hemorrhage (leakage of blood)
-
What does Transurethral resection mean?
- Simultaneous visualization and resection of tissue through urethra by electrocautery or sharp dissection.
- Usually used for enlarged prostate that blocks urethra.
-
Where is the Foramen Magnum located?
- Base of skull.
- Opening at base of skull for the brain stem
-
What is Liver hypertension known as?
Portal hypertension, cirrhosis of the liver that causes blood to get backed up in liver blood vessels
-
Where are the islets of langerhans located?
- Pancreas
- Creates insulin, glucagon, and other hormones
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Location and function of the lacrimal glands
- Upper outer portion of each orbit
- Produces tears
-
What is the cauda-equina?
- Bundle of nerves coming off of the spinal cord at the end.
- Lumbar and sacral nerves
-
At what vertebral level is the caudal end of the spinal cord in humans?
L1-L2
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1 Sv low LET effect; 1 Gy to testes of 20- year old, what
is the effect?
- Temporary sterility
- About 1 year to recover
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CT slice showing spleen, liver, psoas major muscle and the aorta, be able to identify.
- Liver is large structure on right side
- Spleen is smaller and above the liver near middle of body
- Psoas Major Muscle controls the legs and is near the spine
- Aorta is near the center of the body and should be filled with blood (water-like)
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CT scan given and asked to identify prostate gland.
Center of body between the bladder and rectum
-
What are the 4 R's of Radiobiology?
- Repair
- Repopulation
- Redistribution
- Reoxygenation
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Location of the spleen (or pancreas)
- Anterior aspect of stomach
- Under diaphragm
-
What does the spleen do besides filter out old blood cells?
- Stores products
- Stores blood platelets
- Blood reservoir
-
Know what is affected by stenosis, bone, nerve sheath, etc.
Stenosis is narrowing of blood vessels or bone cavities (like vertebral column)
-
Name of a tumor in the tissue surrounding the brain
Meningioma
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Where's the Corpus Callosum?
- Center of brain
- Under cerebral cortex
- Longitudinal fissue connecting right and left cerebral hemispheres
-
What does the hypothalamus do/or excrete?
- Control Center of the body
- Controls pituitary output by secreting specific chemicals to pituitary’s front lobe
- Also controls body weight and appetite.
-
What is the side effect of giving too much dose to the
parotids?
Dry mouth (xerostomia)
-
The most probable side effect of giving 20 mSv to an 8-15 week old is?
Mental retardation
-
Minimal dose required for transient erythema
2 Gy
-
Dose required for gastrointestinal syndrome
-
What is the peritoneum?
- Lining of the abdominal cavity
- Membrane
-
What modality gives the most skin dose
CT or Fluoro
-
What is an embolism
Blood clot that is a result of an embolus (a detached intravascular mass capable of clogging arterial capillary beds at a site far from its origin)
-
What do the alevoli do?
Absorb oxygen and release CO2 and water
-
Where does blood go to after leaving the left ventricle in
the heart
Aorta
-
Question about a muscle that doesn't contract as much as it
should: is it dyskinetic, hyperkinetic, hypokinetic, etc
Hypokinetic
-
Possible type of cancer a child will get if irradiated
during fetal stage
Leukemia
-
Another name for cell death
-
What is the single target single hit model D0?
 - is the mean lethal dose
-
What is the master gland?
Pituitary Gland
-
Where does breast cancer metastasize first?
Axillary lymph nodes
-
What is a metastasis?
Cancer cells that have left the originating organ and attached and proliferated at a distant organ
-
Which type of secondary cancer will show up the earliest due to radiation treatment
Leukemia
-
What is the vessel that helps to get nutrients to the liver (blood vessel)
Hepatic portal artery and vein
-
What is the linear no-threshold theory
- More dose is more cancer risk
- No threshold of dose for effect
-
Injury to the Brachial Plexus affects what
- Nerves of the ipsilateral arm.
- Paralysis of arm
-
Which part of eye most sensitive to radiation
Lens
-
Which part of eye responds to visual stimulus
Retina
-
Types of cancer in the brain (along the lines of what type)
- Glioblastoma (glial cells - non-neural cells like myelin)
- Meningioma (meninges)
-
Where is the location of the optic chiasm
- Center of head behind the eyes
- Diencephalon
- Immediately below and anterior to the Hypothalamas
-
What is the long bone in the LOWER part of the leg
Tibia (not fibula)
-
How many vertebrae in the cervical spine
- 7
- Note there are 7 Cervical, 12 Thoracic, 5 Lumbar
- Sacrum is fusion of 5 bones
- Coccyx is fusion of 4 bones
-
Type of scan to stage lung cancer
PET/CT
-
What is the most common effect of fetal irradiation post organogenesis?
Mental Retardation (~8-12 weeks)
-
List organs in a large opening in the body (could be mediastinum or peritoneum)
Depends on location...
-
The opening in the diaphragm allows the passage of what three organs?
- Aorta
- Inferior Vena Cava
- Esophagus
-
Where is the pineal gland?
- Behind the diencephalon
- Behind the Thalamas
-
In men, what cancer is most likely to metastasize to bone?
Prostate cancer
-
Where does the vena cava dump?
Right atrium
-
What has the most oxygenated blood flowing through it?
Pulmonary Vein
-
Where is CSF created?
Choroid Plexus
-
Systolic heart has 35 cc of blood, diastolic heart has 91 cc of blood. What is percent of blood is expelled?
(91-35)/91 = 61.5%
-
What do you call material in the blood stream that will clog an artery
Embolus
-
What is main function of spleen?
- Cleans blood
- Removes old blood cells
-
What cell in blood is most radiosensitive?
Lymphocytes (White Blood Cells)
-
Using the single hit theory, what is surviving fraction of cells hit with 100 cGy and Do is 50 cGy?
-
What organ(s) produces bile?
- Liver
- Stored in gallbladder
-
What is joint lubrication fluid known as?
Synovial Fluid
-
What time frame do organs develop in a fetus?
2-8 weeks
-
The purpose of taking of a creatine reading of somebody before you give them contrast is to insure the patient doesn’t do what?
Kidney failure is a risk for certain patients with low creatine if given contrast for imaging
-
Pleural effusion is what?
Fluid accumulation in the pleura (linings of lung)
-
What lymph nodes are usually removed with a mastectomy?
Axillary lymph nodes
-
What is the term for programmed cell death?
Apoptosis
-
After irradiation, mature germ cells will go through heightened activity then sterility, as opposed to immature germ cells. Why?
- ‘Heightened activity’ from enhanced differentiation (Schwenke K, 1996)
- Mature cells are more radioresistant than immature cells
-
What are the units of LET?
keV/µm
-
What tumor has the highest CT number?
Bone tumor (osteosarcoma)
-
What is grey matter?
- Functional brain cells
- Nerve nuclei
-
What is a Sestamibi Scan?
- Imaging for hyperthyroidism with nuclear medicine
- Uses Tc-99m
-
Where are glomeruli?
Kidneys (inside the nephrons)
-
Most radiosensitive part of cell division?
-
An EEG measures what?
Electrical activity of the brain
-
A dry mouth is caused by irradiating what part of the body?
- Salivary glands
- Parotids, SMGs
-
What is the function of the prostate?
Create alkaline fluid for semen
-
What is most stable byproduct of hydrolysis?
H2N2
-
What is the circle of Willis and where is it located?
- Arterial blood vessels in the Brain
- Located midbrain
-
The suffix –ectomy means what?
Removal (usually through surgery)
-
The left atrium empties into what?
Left Ventricle
-
What type of tissue is usually involved in the breast cancer?
- Ductal tissue (mammary gland ducts)
- Epithelial tissue
-
What’s the earliest visible effect of radiation?
Erythema (redness of skin)
-
What’s the increased risk of cancer after X Gy of irradiation
5% per Sv (NCRP 116)
-
Circulatory system -- cardiac anatomy, path of
blood through the heart and lungs
Body > Vena Cava > Right Atrium > Right Ventricle > Pulmonary Artery > Lungs > Pulmonary Vein > Left Atrium > Left Ventricle > Aorta > Body
-
How long after radiation would you observe telangiectasia in a patient?
> 1 year
-
Estrogen is produced in the…?
Ovaries
-
Visual association occurs where?
Occipital Lobe
-
What produces digestive juices?
Pancreas
-
What is fibromyalgia?
- Increased sensitivity to pressure and touch.
- Causes chronic pain in muscles, etc.
-
Which is a bone in the foot?
- Calcaneus
- Tarsals
- Metatarsals
- Talus
-
A TBI of 1 Sv will cause…?
Lower lymphocyte count
-
Intravascular brachytherapy uses what isotope?
Ir-192
-
Given _____ would make one hypoglycemic.
Insulin
-
What is fibrosis?
Scar tissue
-
A diagnostic complication refers to?
- Iodine allergy?
- Contrast allergies?
-
A fetus will receive the most dose from what type of scan?
CT scans or Fluoroscopy
-
Which imaging modality for virtual colonoscopy?
CT scan
-
Plasma volume in whole blood?
55%
-
Meiosis is the production of…?
Gametes (sex cells)
-
Essential minerals of human body
Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, Cl, S
-
What does teratogenic mean?
Can cause birth defects
-
What cell in blood is most radiosensitive?
Lymphocytes
-
Contamination lower detection limit:
0.005
-
What's shallow equivalent dose depth?
0.007 cm
-
What marks the point where the trachea and bronchi meet?
Carina
-
What does stereotaxis refer to?
3D localization
-
What can measure magnetic field created by the brain?
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) with SQUID
-
What is ‘skyshine’ in radiation shielding?
Backscattered radiation from the air/atmosphere
-
What's stochastic effect out of many symptoms?
Cancer
-
What's no threshold and a function of dose?
Stochastic effects like cancer
-
Stochastic effect uses?
Linear no threshold model
-
What's the result after damage to optic chiasm?
Blindness
-
What has -100 CT# if water is 0?
Fat
-
What quadrant is breast cancer most likely?
Upper Outer Quadrant
-
What can cardiac angiography can detect?
Stenosis
-
Damage to what part of inner ear affects balance?
- Semicircular canals
- Vestibular Apparatus
-
What is osteoporosis?
Lowered bone density
-
What's BPH related to?
- Prostate enlargement
- Benign prostate hyperplasia
-
Choose what doppler ultrasound can detect from a list.
Usually air interfaces, calcifications in soft tissue, etc.
-
Is less differentiated cell more or less radiosensitive than more differentiate cells like muscle and neuron?
Less differentiated cells are more radiosensitive than more differentiated cells
-
What's brain metabolism substrate?
Glucose
-
What gland controls endocrine system?
Pituitary Gland
-
What's 180 degree opposite to LAO?
Right Posterior Oblique (RPO)
-
Survival curve n=4, D0 =1, what's Dq?
- Dq is the quasithreshold dose
-
Sentinel event in a cardiac catheterization is due to overexposure of which skin entrance dose?
- Sentinel event is an event that results in severe damage or death to the patient
- Misdelivery, overdosage (>25%), or treatment of wrong organ, etc.
-
What is a normal size of prostate?
~30-40 cm3
-
100 Gy acute dose, what type of death?
CNS syndrome
-
If each of two arms of chromatin gets a break, what's the most likely result?
Anaphase bridge or ring if it's a chromatid
-
What is the location of the Umbilicus with respect to vertebral bodies?
L3-L4 at the level of the navel
-
What's the half life lower limit you have to test leakage?
< 30 days
-
Name a tumor of the pituitary gland?
Noncancerous growth (adenoma)
-
Larynx is close to what vertebra?
C3-C6
-
What is the depth for lens dose equivalent (LED)?
0.3 cm
-
What is the transport index (TI) for a package containing radioactive material?
Multiple of 0.01 mSv/hr at 1m (e.g. 0.1 mSv/hr --> TI = 10)
-
The rational for fractionation is described as…
Normal tissues repair faster than cancerous tissues
-
Gleason score is for staging what type of cancer?
Prostate Cancer
-
How many temporal lobes does the brain have?
2 (left and right)
-
Ligaments of the knee include the…?
MCL, ACL, PCL, LCL
-
What is the best technique for imaging multiple sclerosis?
MRI
-
Which cancer has the shortest latency period?
Leukemia
-
Stereotactic radiosurgery is best for what?
Lung and brain tumors
-
Buccal cavity is another name for?
Mouth
-
ICRP defined the dose over 50 years in a given tissue after intake of a radionuclide, which is called?
Committed Dose
-
Radiation leakage is defined as?
Dose at 1m away from sealed source
-
What mineral is used by nerve cell to stimulate skeletal muscle?
Calcium
-
If a patient has been exposed to Radium, where will radon be detected?
Lungs, sweat, feces
-
Low LET radiation is correlated to cell killing using which parameter?
Relative biological effectiveness (RBE)
-
Ionizing radiation causes damage to?
DNA
-
Location of pineal gland?
- Located just rostro-dorsal to the superior colliculus and behind and beneath the stria medullaris
- Between the laterally positioned thalamic bodies.
- It is part of the epithalamus.
-
Lose equilibrium is due to the damage of?
-
Irradiation during what time during gestation is congenital abnormality most likely to occur?
2-8 weeks
-
Minimum dose to induce CNS death?
50 Gy
-
Location of vocal cords?
Within the larynx at the top of the trachea
-
Is less differentiated cell more or less radiosensitive than more differentiated cells like muscle and neuron?
Less differentiated cells are more radiosensitive than more differentiated cells
-
What is BPH related to?
Enlargement of prostate
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